Crosslinked Elastomers: Structure–Property Relationships and Stress-Optical Law

Sotta, Paul; Albouy, Pierre‐Antoine; Taha, M. A.; Moreaux, Benoit; Fayolle, Caroline

doi:10.3390/polym14010009

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…The parameter χ can be calculated using the Flory–Rener equation [ 16 , 20 , 23 ]:

where Z is a dimensionless parameter equal to the ratio of the molar volume of the subchains of the polymer network

to the molar volume of the solvent

[ 22 ]:

where R is the universal gas constant, E is the elasticity modulus of the swollen polymer and ϕ is the local volume fraction of the polymer in the polymer–solvent system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess the strain relaxation of the ORFB, the initial and extremely swollen samples were compressed using a TIB-1 thickness gauge under a load of 0.8 MPa for 5 seconds (t 5 ), after which the load was removed and the blanket recovery was recorded within 5 seconds (t 10 ). The entire process of the changing of the thickness was continuously recorded using video recording tools, followed by the framing and establishment of changes in the structure and thickness of the composite according to the methods [ 12 , 20 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compression Relaxation of Multi-Structure Polymer Composites in Penetrating Liquid Medium

et al. 2022

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Multi-structural polymer composites are widely used in the mechanical engineering, automotive, aviation and oil refining industries, as well as in the printing industry as a shock-absorbing deckle on the offset cylinders of printing machines. During offset printing, composites come into contact with inks and washing solutions, the components of which penetrate the material and cause the polymers to swell. This process degrades the print quality, and for this reason the study of its features is relevant. The prerequisites for this work are the study of the fundamental laws of diffusion and sorption of liquids by polymers with different micro- and macro-structures in different physical states and in different forms (e.g., films, sheets, fibers and fabrics). The combination of polymer materials in the composition of multi-structural fabric blankets makes it possible to obtain materials with unique mechanical properties and high resistance to liquid penetrating media and to use them in high-tech processes of multi-color printing with high resolution and color rendering. This article reports for the first time the kinetics and thermodynamics results obtained from the swelling of multi-structural polymeric blankets in solvents used in printing, and the effect of sorption of different polar liquids on the viscoelastic strain under compression during the operation of the damping systems of printing machines. Using mathematical models of activated liquid diffusion in polymers and deformation of a viscoelastic body, the swelling rate constants, solvent diffusion coefficients (the kinetic characteristics of the swelling process) and Flory–Huggins parameters (the thermodynamic characteristics of the interaction of the solvent with the composite) for composite–solvent systems with several chemical composition variants were determined. The elastic modulus and the viscosity coefficient of the composite under liquid saturation were calculated based on the experimental cyclic compression data. The range of change in the compression and restoration times of the polymeric blankets (0.09 s ÷ 0.78 s) was determined. It was shown that the composite swelled to a limited extent in all the studied liquids. All solvents used were thermodynamically poor (χ > 0.5). It has been established that rubber–fabric blankets coated with nitrile rubber are the least resistant to the action of dichloroethane, and that blankets with layers of polyolefins are not resistant to ethyl acetate. Water significantly affects the physicochemical properties of rubber–fabric blankets with a large proportion of cotton fabric layers. The data obtained can serve as a basis for optimizing the compositions of inks and cleaning solutions, as well as a theoretical basis for the thermodynamics of composite–solvent systems.

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“…The parameter χ can be calculated using the Flory–Rener equation [ 16 , 20 , 23 ]:

where Z is a dimensionless parameter equal to the ratio of the molar volume of the subchains of the polymer network

to the molar volume of the solvent

[ 22 ]:

where R is the universal gas constant, E is the elasticity modulus of the swollen polymer and ϕ is the local volume fraction of the polymer in the polymer–solvent system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compression Relaxation of Multi-Structure Polymer Composites in Penetrating Liquid Medium

et al. 2022

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“…Swelling of composite sheets or layers made from five different commercial carbon-chain rubbers by pressing revealed the swelling anisotropy in organic solvents. Quantification of the swelling anisotropy, usinthe Flory's theory [6] allowed the authors [7] to determine the average molar mass of macromolecular carbon chains between crosslinks and obtain three linear swelling coefficients that differed by 10% within each sample. The swelling anisotropy of the layers of crosslinked carbon-chain polymers in the composition of layered blankets reinforced with fabrics is of a different physical nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, an a priori assessment of the impact of the liquid medium on the structure and mechanical properties [8] in terms of the solubility parameter [9] or the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter [10] may be incorrect. Theoretical and experimental studies of the sorption and swelling of crosslinked carbonchain polymers in liquid media have been carried out using macroscopic methods such as rheological and mechanical tests for cyclic compression and measurement of equilibrium swelling [6,11]. More advanced instrumental methods used include proton multiquantum NMR spectroscopy and X-ray scattering measurements of the macromolecule segment orientation during mechanical stretching [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of solvent sorption by layers of carbon-chain polymers in damping rubber blankets

Konyukhov,

Kondratov,

Yamilinets

et al. 2024

Phys. Scr.

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The paper addresses the study of the thermodynamic compatibility of carbon-chain polymer compositions of offset rubber blankets with low-molecular-weight liquids, paint solvents and care agents for rubber damping machine parts used in transport, mechanical engineering and printing industries. The Flory-Huggins parameters χ were determined by inverted gas chromatography and calculation performed using the mathematical model of sorption, and the correlation between χ obtained by these two independent methods was found. The excess thermodynamic characteristics of the studied systems GE, HE and SE were calculated to predict the compatibility of components in these systems. The relationship was found between χ that characterizes the thermodynamic quality of the solvent and the equilibrium swelling index of polymer networks.

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“…There are three main curing techniques, sulphur or vulcanization, phenolic or resin, and peroxide crosslinking. 3 The final property of a rubber article depends on its curing technique. 4 Typically, cured rubbers with the phenolic and peroxide techniques demonstrate outstanding heat resistance because of the formed stable C-C bonds between the rubber macromolecules after curing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The phenolic cured butyl rubber reclamation using different de-crosslinking agents

Miranian,

Ostad Movahed,

Ostad Movahed

2023

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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The cured rubber-made bladder used for curing the green tire because, it is thermally stable, and has low gas permeability. The bladder is made with the cured butyl rubber as a base rubber under a phenolic curing system. To save the resources and also, the environmental protection, it should be de-crosslink to gum rubber. A commercial source waste bladder rubber compounded with different de-crosslinking agents, including TMTD, DPDS, DCBS, MBTS, MBT, and TBBS. To do de-crosslinking, the prepared compounds were heated in a laboratory heating oven at different temperatures. The de-crosslinking parameters including the sol fraction and de-crosslinking percent measured using traditional rubber swollen tests. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) graphs showed the existence of the phenolic resin in the structure of waste bladder butyl rubber powder. Efficient de-crosslinking was observed for all studied de-crosslinking agents. It evidenced by the scanning electron microscope micrographs and also, the measured crosslink densities of the reclaimed rubbers. The highest and the lowest de-crosslinking percents belonged to the compounds with 4 phr DPDS in recipe at 220 [Formula: see text] and 4 phr DCBS at 180 [Formula: see text], respectively. Based on the obtained de-crosslinking parameters, the DPDS was selected as a suitable de-crosslinking agent for used waste rubber. In accordance with Horikx analysis, the oven heating broke down the crosslinks and rubber main chains simultaneously. Increasing the oven temperature had a positive effect on de-crosslinking process with similar effects on the crosslink and main chain break down.

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Crosslinked Elastomers: Structure–Property Relationships and Stress-Optical Law

Cited by 6 publications

References 87 publications

Compression Relaxation of Multi-Structure Polymer Composites in Penetrating Liquid Medium

Compression Relaxation of Multi-Structure Polymer Composites in Penetrating Liquid Medium

Thermodynamics of solvent sorption by layers of carbon-chain polymers in damping rubber blankets

The phenolic cured butyl rubber reclamation using different de-crosslinking agents

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