“…Inadequate S nutrition can cause the inefficient use of other nutrients, such as carbon (C) and N, leading to deficiencies and decreases in protein biosynthesis, chlorophyll content and eventually crop yield (Lunde et al 2008;Mazid et al 2011;Iqbal et al 2013). On the other hand, environmental pollution from sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), H 2 S, sulfite (SO 3 2− ) and sulfate (SO 4 2− ) is a serious global problem and can be toxic to plants (Krischan et al 2012).…”
Section: Sulfur Uptake and Assimilationmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Excess SO 4 2− transported to leaves is stored in vacuoles and constitutes a large S reserve for plant metabolism (Iqbal et al 2013).…”
Sulfur management is an important issue in crop plant nutrition. Sulfur has a role in fundamental processes such as electron transport, structure and regulation. It is also associated with photosynthetic oxygen production, abiotic and biotic stress resistance and secondary metabolism. Sulfate uptake, reductive assimilation and integration into cysteine and methionine are the central processes that direct oxidized and reduced forms of organically bound S into their various functions. Sulfur-containing defense compounds that are crucial for plant survival during biotic and abiotic stress include elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, phytochelatins, S-rich proteins and various secondary metabolites. Formation of these compounds in plants is closely related to the supply, demand, uptake and assimilation of S. This review will highlight the role of S during the stress response in plants and the relationship between S metabolism and primary S nutrition.
“…Inadequate S nutrition can cause the inefficient use of other nutrients, such as carbon (C) and N, leading to deficiencies and decreases in protein biosynthesis, chlorophyll content and eventually crop yield (Lunde et al 2008;Mazid et al 2011;Iqbal et al 2013). On the other hand, environmental pollution from sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), H 2 S, sulfite (SO 3 2− ) and sulfate (SO 4 2− ) is a serious global problem and can be toxic to plants (Krischan et al 2012).…”
Section: Sulfur Uptake and Assimilationmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Excess SO 4 2− transported to leaves is stored in vacuoles and constitutes a large S reserve for plant metabolism (Iqbal et al 2013).…”
Sulfur management is an important issue in crop plant nutrition. Sulfur has a role in fundamental processes such as electron transport, structure and regulation. It is also associated with photosynthetic oxygen production, abiotic and biotic stress resistance and secondary metabolism. Sulfate uptake, reductive assimilation and integration into cysteine and methionine are the central processes that direct oxidized and reduced forms of organically bound S into their various functions. Sulfur-containing defense compounds that are crucial for plant survival during biotic and abiotic stress include elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, phytochelatins, S-rich proteins and various secondary metabolites. Formation of these compounds in plants is closely related to the supply, demand, uptake and assimilation of S. This review will highlight the role of S during the stress response in plants and the relationship between S metabolism and primary S nutrition.
“…More recently, Masood and Khan (2013) suggested that treatment with GA 3 and/or sulfur (S) at sufficient levels reduced undesirable stress ethylene induction, resulting in the alleviation of photosynthetic inhibition caused by Cd stress. It is well established that S assimilation leads to Cys biosynthesis, which is required for both ethylene and GSH biosyntheses under normal conditions (De Grauwe et al, 2008;Iqbal et al, 2013). On the other hand, under HM stress, application of S to Cd-treated plants was reported to adjust stressinduced ethylene content to an optimized level, which subsequently led to a maximal GSH content, thereby providing effective protection again oxidative stress and, thus, alleviating unbeneficial Cd-induced symptoms in plants (Asgher et al, 2014).…”
Section: Ethylene and Its Cross Talk With Other Hormones And Signalinmentioning
Excessive heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural lands cause toxicities to plants, resulting in declines in crop productivity. Recent advances in ethylene biology research have established that ethylene is not only responsible for many important physiological activities in plants but also plays a pivotal role in HM stress tolerance. The manipulation of ethylene in plants to cope with HM stress through various approaches targeting either ethylene biosynthesis or the ethylene signaling pathway has brought promising outcomes. This review covers ethylene production and signal transduction in plant responses to HM stress, cross talk between ethylene and other signaling molecules under adverse HM stress conditions, and approaches to modify ethylene action to improve HM tolerance. From our current understanding about ethylene and its regulatory activities, it is believed that the optimization of endogenous ethylene levels in plants under HM stress would pave the way for developing transgenic crops with improved HM tolerance.
“…The stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis by Cd has also been reported in different other plant species (Sanità di Toppi and Gabbrielli 1999;Rodríguez-Serrano et al 2009;Iakimova et al 2005;Liu et al 2008;Chmielowska-Bąk et al 2013). Ethylene signaling was suggested to regulate GSH synthesis for better adaptation of plants against stress (Iqbal et al 2013). The involvement of ethylene in regulation of GSH to overcome nickel and zinc stress in Brassica juncea (Khan and Khan 2014) has been shown.…”
Glutathione (GSH) plays a pivotal role in heavy metal detoxification. Ethylene is one of the important plant hormones, which plays a critical role in triggering plant responses to different stresses such as cadmium (Cd) stress. Ethylene responsive transcription factor (ERF) belongs to one of the largest plant transcription factor families. ERF is known to be induced by ethylene and thus regulate multiple stress responses through the activation of stressrelated genes. Until now, little has been done to explore the relationship among the accumulation of endogenous ethylene, ERF transcript levels and the GSH content in plants under Cd treatment and we will investigate these link. In this study, the gene transcript level of LchERF, LchGSH1 (gene responsible for the first-step GSH biosynthesis) and LchGSHS (gene responsible for the second-step GSH biosynthesis), endogenous ethylene accumulation, GSH content and Cd concentration in Lycium chinense with or without Cd stress treatment were studied. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco expressing 35S::LchERF which grown under Cd stress condition was also investigated in this study. Our results showed that endogenous ethylene, LchERF, LchGSH1 and LchGSHS gene expression and GSH content can be induced by Cd treatment in L. chinense, however, reduced by co-treatment with 2-aminoethoxyvinlglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. The transgenic tobacco expressing 35S::LchERF showed greater tolerance to Cd stress than non-transgenic plants. The expression of NtGSH1 and NtGSHS genes was increased in transgenic tobacco plants compared with non-transgenic plants, indicating that LchERF is associated with the expression level of GSH synthesis related genes in tobacco. Evidence was presented here that under Cd stress, GSH accumulation occurred at least partially via enhanced LchERF gene expression and the ethylene signal transduction pathways might be involved in this accumulation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.