Cross-sectional echocardiography. I. Analysis of mathematic models for quantifying mass of the left ventricle in dogs.

Wyatt, H.L.; Heng, Ming K.; Meerbaum, Samuel; Hestenes, J. D.; Cobo, J M; Davidson, Robert M.; Corday, E

doi:10.1161/01.cir.60.5.1104

Cited by 275 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The traced contours were used to calculate endocardial and epicardial LV volumes from Simpson's formula. 8,9 The difference between the epicardial and endocardial volumes was computed for each view and multiplied by the specific mass of myocardial tissue (1.05 g/mL) to represent a biplane estimate of LV mass. The accuracy of these estimates was determined by comparing them with the CMR values.…”

Section: D Echocardiographic Assessment Of Lv Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LV long-axis dimension was measured the same way as in 2D. The traced contours were then used to calculate LV volumes by use of the biplane Simpson formula with 20 slices 8,9 incorporated into the analysis software. The accuracy of these RT3D-derived LV mass values was determined by comparing them with the CMR values.…”

Section: Rt3d Echocardiographic Assessment Of LV Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass With Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

et al. 2004

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Background-Left ventricular (LV) mass is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with systemic hypertension. However, the accuracy of 2D echocardiographic LV mass measurements is limited because acquiring anatomically correct apical views is often difficult. We tested the hypothesis that LV mass could be measured more accurately from real-time 3D (RT3D) data sets, which allow offline selection of nonforeshortened apical views, by comparing 2D and RT3D measurements against cardiac MR (CMR) measurements. Methods and Results-Echocardiographic imaging was performed (Philips 7500) in 21 patients referred for CMR imaging (1.5 T, GE). Apical 2-and 4-chamber views and RT3D data sets were acquired and analyzed by 2 independent observers. The RT3D data sets were used to select nonforeshortened apical 2-and 4-chamber views (3DQ-QLAB, Philips). In both 2D and RT3D images, LV long axis was measured; endocardial and epicardial boundaries were traced, and mass was calculated by use of the biplane method of disks. CMR LV mass values were obtained through standard techniques (MASS Analysis, GE). The RT3D data resulted in significantly larger LV long-axis dimensions and measurements of LV mass that correlated with CMR better (rϭ0.90) than 2D (rϭ0.79). The 2D technique underestimated LV mass (bias, 39%), whereas RT3D measurements showed only minimal bias (3%). The 95% limits of agreement were significantly wider for 2D (52%) than RT3D (28%). Additionally, the RT3D technique reduced the interobserver variability (37% to 7%) and intraobserver variability (19% to 8%). Conclusions-RT3D imaging provides the basis for accurate and reliable measurement of LV mass.

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Section: D Echocardiographic Assessment Of Lv Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rt3d Echocardiographic Assessment Of LV Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass With Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

et al. 2004

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“…Cardiac Index (CI) was calculated from two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography using previously described equations for volumetric flow [17]. We used two-dimensional echocardiography to determine left ventricular mass [18,19] by the arealength method [20,21]. The V cfc , which measures rate of shortening of the left ventricle, was derived by dividing the shortening fraction by the left ventricular ejection time [12].…”

Section: Cardiac Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac abnormalities in children with sickle cell anemia

et al. 2002

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Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results in chronic volume overload of the heart due to hemodilution. Previous echocardiographic studies of cardiac function in children with SCA have not accounted for these abnormal loading conditions. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine how the degree of anemia and transfusion status relate to cardiac findings and (2) evaluate cardiac function using load-independent parameters of function. We evaluated 77 patients with SCA, ages 2 to 22 years (mean ± SD = 11.7 ± 4.7), using physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. We compared two groups of patients. Group 1 consisted of 57 non-transfused patients, and Group 2 consisted of 20 patients on a chronic transfusion protocol. Group 1 patients exhibited a significantly lower hemoglobin, higher cardiac output, and larger left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension and LV mass than groups 2 (P < 0.05). However, the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening-wall stress index (a load-independent measure of systolic function) was normal and not statistically different between the two groups. Conversely, the LV myocardial performance index (a measure of combined systolic and diastolic function) was significantly higher in Group 2 (P < 0.001), possibly indicating impaired myocardial diastolic function. SCA in children results in a volume-overloaded heart with a significant increase in LV dimensions and mass, both proportional to the degree of anemia. Despite these abnormal loading conditions, systolic function is preserved. Patients on a chronic transfusion protocol may develop diastolic dysfunction despite iron chelation therapy. Am.

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“…20 Measurements were made of the epicardial (A Epi ) and endocardial (A Endo ) areas from the same short-axis slice as the M-mode calculations, just basal to the papillary muscles. This is close as possible to the high papillary muscle level suggested, given the limitations of the CMR slice thickness (10 mm).…”

Section: Two-dimensional Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left Ventricular Mass

et al. 2002

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Abstract-The study of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is hindered by problems with LV mass measurement by echocardiography. Both the M-mode and 2D area-length formulas for calculating LV mass assume a fixed geometric shape, which may be a source of error. We examined this hypothesis by using cardiovascular magnetic resonance images to eliminate the confounding effects of acoustic access and image quality. LV mass was measured directly in 212 healthy subjects by means of a standard 3D cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique. LV mass was also calculated by using the cube-function and area-length formulas with measurements from the magnetic resonance images. A comparison of serial measurements was made by examining the changes in LV mass by all 3 techniques in those completing an exercise program (nϭ140). The cube-function technique showed a consistent underestimation of LV mass of 14.3 g, and there were wide 95% limits of agreement (Ϯ57.6 g and Ϯ46.3 g for cube-function and area-length techniques, respectively) when compared with 3D measurement. There were similarly wide limits of agreement for the change in mass (Ϯ55.2 g and Ϯ44.8 g for cube-function and area-length, respectively). The assumption of geometric shape in the cube-function and area-length formulas resulted in significant variation in LV mass estimates from direct measurement by using a 3D technique. Key Words: myocardium Ⅲ hypertrophy Ⅲ magnetic resonance imaging Ⅲ echocardiography L eft ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is an independent cardiovascular risk factor associated with significant excess and morbidity and mortality rates. [1][2][3] There is now evidence for the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents, particularly ACE inhibitors, in reducing LV mass, 4 -6 and this reduction in LV mass appears to carry a favorable prognosis. 7,8 However, studying the prognostic implications of LV mass reduction is hindered by the poor accuracy and reproducibility of LV mass measurement by M-mode and 2D echocardiography. The high 95% confidence limits for accuracy (Ϯ57 to 190 g for M-mode, 9 -12 Ϯ61 to 80 g for 2D techniques [11][12][13] ) and interstudy reproducibility (Ϯ45 to 78 g for M-mode, 10,14 -17 poorly assessed for 2D) result in the need for large numbers of subjects in research studies.The principal sources of error are considered to be image quality, beam positioning, and the assumption of a uniform geometric shape of the left ventricle, with LV mass calculated from measurements made at 1 or 2 positions. Both M-mode and 2D echocardiography assume a prolate ellipsoid shape, with a ratio of long-to short-axis lengths of 2:1, which provided the best simplified geometric model for LV mass estimation. 18 Formulas were developed for the calculation of LV mass based on the regression equations of the calculated mass to autopsy findings for M-mode 9,10 and 2D echocardiography. 12,19 -21 The cubing involved in the formulas means that small (Ͻ1 mm) differences in measurement can have large effects on the calculated mass. Additionally, the assumption o...

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Cross-sectional echocardiography. I. Analysis of mathematic models for quantifying mass of the left ventricle in dogs.

Cited by 275 publications

References 14 publications

Fast Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass With Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Fast Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass With Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Cardiac abnormalities in children with sickle cell anemia

Left Ventricular Mass

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