Cross‐resistance potential of fipronil in Musca domestica

Abstract

The toxicity of fipronil to insecticide-susceptible houseflies and the cross-resistance potential of fipronil were determined for six insecticide-resistant laboratory housefly strains by topical application and feeding bioassay. The insecticide-resistant strains represented different levels and patterns of resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and organochlorines. Five strains were almost susceptible to fipronil in feeding bioassay with resistance factors at LC50 between 0.36 and 3.0. Four of these strains were almost susceptible to topically applied fipronil (resistance factors at LD50 were 0.55, 0.83, 3.3 and 2.5, respectively), whereas one strain was 13-fold resistant to topically applied fipronil. A highly gamma-HCH-resistant strain, 17e, was 430-fold resistant to fipronil in topical application bioassay and 23-fold resistant in feeding bioassay at LD50/LC50. We also tested the toxicity of fipronil in a feeding bioassay and gamma-HCH in topical application bioassay on thirteen housefly field populations. Eleven of the field populations had resistance factors for fipronil ranging from 0.98 to 2.4 at LC50, whereas two populations were 4.0- and 4.6-fold resistant to fipronil. The resistance level to gamma-HCH at LD50 in the field populations ranged from 1.8- to 8.1-fold. The two strains showing fipronil resistance were 3.4- and 8.1-fold resistant to gamma-HCH. Fipronil and gamma-HCH toxicities were positively correlated in the field populations. Biochemical assays of esterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase indicated that the low fipronil resistance observed in laboratory and field strains could be caused by elevated detoxification or be due to a target-site resistance mechanism with cross-resistance to gamma-HCH.

Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Piperonyl Butoxide in Fipronil-Susceptible and Resistant Rice Stem Borrers,Chilo suppressalis

“…Recently, there have been a few reports of C. suppressalis with low or middle level of resistance to fipronil in the field (Cao et al 2004; Jing et al 2005). In fact, high levels of fipronil resistance have been monitored in many other insects such as Plutella xylostella, Musca domestica, Oulema oryzae and Drosophila simulans (Sayyed et al 2004; Kristensen et al 2004; Ueno et al 2005). The mutation of Rdl genes was responsible for conferring high level of fipronil resistance in D. simulans (Goff et al 2005).…”

Combination of Phagostimulant and Visual Lure as an Effective Tool in Designing House Fly Toxic Baits: A Laboratory Evaluation

“…Moreover, the known tolerance of some insect predators to imidacloprid is advantageous concerning the safety of non-target organisms [37]. Fipronil, a broad spectrum phenylpyrazole, is highly toxic to dipterans including dairy populations of house flies [38], malarial and dengue mosquitoes [32], and fruit flies [39]. Although, fipronil will have a potential to control house flies in the future [38], baits containing fipronil should be evaluated at livestock farms under varying environmental conditions.…”

Influence of humidity, rainfall, and fipronil toxicity on rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)

“…However, due to the increased frequency and years of use, fipronil resistance started to appear in insects 28,29 . Many studies reported fipronil re-sistance in various insect pests such as rice stem borer, house fly, and diamondback moth [29][30][31][32] . In this study we found that the average LC 50 values from toxicity tests of fipronil against RLF population collected from conventional paddy field was 63.3 ppm (Table 2), which is comparable to that of a previous study in Sri Lanka in 2001 that reported the LC 50 values of 60 ppm for the same insect and insecticide 33 .…”