Cross-Neutralization Tests among Cache Valley Virus Isolates Revealing the Existence of Multiple Subtypes

Calisher, C. H.; Ms, Sabattini; Tp, Monath; Kl, Wolff

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.202

Cited by 19 publications

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“…Samples were homogenized at 26 Hz for 4 min and titrated using Vero76 cells. All concentrations of infectious viruses are calculated as TCID 50 /ml [5]. Reverse-transcriptase nested polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect viral RNA present in mosquito saliva.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and transmission of Cache Valley virus by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

et al. 2019

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Background Cache Valley virus (CVV; Bunyavirales , Peribunyaviridae ) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus endemic in North America. Although severe diseases are mainly observed in pregnant ruminants, CVV has also been recognized as a zoonotic pathogen that can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Human exposures to CVV and its related subtypes occur frequently under different ecological conditions in the New World; however, neurotropic disease is rarely reported. High prevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies have been detected among residents in several Latin American cities. However, zoophilic mosquito species involved in the enzootic transmission are unlikely to be responsible for the transmission leading to human exposures to CVV. Mechanisms that lead to frequent human exposures to CVV remain largely unknown. In this study, competence of two anthropophilic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti , for CVV was determined using per os infection to determine if these species could play a role in the transmission of CVV in the domestic and peridomestic settings of urban and suburban areas. Results Aedes albopictus were highly susceptible to CVV whereas infection of Ae. aegypti occurred at a significantly lower frequency. Whilst the dissemination rates of CVV were comparable in the two species, the relatively long period to attain maximal infectious titer in Ae. aegypti demonstrated a significant difference in the replication kinetics of CVV in these species. Detection of viral RNA in saliva suggests that both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti are competent vectors for CVV under laboratory conditions. Conclusions Differential susceptibility to CVV was observed in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti , reflecting their relatively different capacities for vectoring CVV in nature. The high susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to CVV observed in this study suggests its potential role as an efficient vector for CVV. Complemented by the reports of multiple CVV isolates derived from Ae. albopictus , our finding provides the basis for how the dispersal of Ae. albopictus across the New World may have a significant impact on the transmission and ecology of CVV.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and transmission of Cache Valley virus by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

et al. 2019

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“…Another major concern with the ICTV classification of bunyaviruses is the inconsistent criteria used for the designation of 34 † Information on original virus isolation was obtained from the Arbovirus catalog (https:// wwwn.cdc.gov/arbocat) with the exceptions of POTV and XINV, which are not listed in the catalog. 35,36 Percent nucleotide and amino acid identities obtained with Ngari virus were excluded on some occasions (see underlined values in Tables 3-6) because the virus is a reassortant. 13,14 * Complete S, M, and L genome sequences were concatenated as were amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid protein, M segment-encoded polyprotein, and RNAdependent RNA polymerase.…”

Section: Inconsistencies In the Criteria Used For Species Demarcationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bunyavirus Taxonomy: Limitations and Misconceptions Associated with the Current ICTV Criteria Used for Species Demarcation

Blitvich

Beaty

Blair

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has implemented numerous changes to the taxonomic classification of bunyaviruses over the years. Whereas most changes have been justified and necessary because of the need to accommodate newly discovered and unclassified viruses, other changes are a cause of concern, especially the decision to demote scores of formerly recognized species to essentially strains of newly designated species. This practice was first described in the seventh taxonomy report of the ICTV and has continued in all subsequent reports. In some instances, viruses that share less than 75% nucleotide sequence identity across their genomes, produce vastly different clinical presentations, possess distinct vector and host associations, have different biosafety recommendations, and occur in nonoverlapping geographic regions are classified as strains of the same species. Complicating the matter is the fact that virus strains have been completely eliminated from ICTV reports; thus, critically important information on virus identities and their associated biological and epidemiological features cannot be readily related to the ICTV classification. Here, we summarize the current status of bunyavirus taxonomy and discuss the adverse consequences associated with the reclassification and resulting omission of numerous viruses of public health importance from ICTV reports. As members of the American Committee on Arthropod-borne Viruses, we encourage the ICTV Bunyavirus Study Group to reconsider their stance on bunyavirus taxonomy, to revise the criteria currently used for species demarcation, and to list additional strains of public and veterinary importance.

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“…Whilst the number of reported neurotropic cases of CVV remains low, the advancement of virological and molecular biological techniques has led to the identification of variants or subtypes of CVV that are responsible for human diseases throughout the New World [ 53 ]. In 1985, the isolation of Fort Sherman virus was made from an American soldier in Panama who developed fever and an erythematous pharynx at the acute phase of infection [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culex tarsalis is a competent vector species for Cache Valley virus

et al. 2018

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BackgroundCache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus endemic in North America. The virus is an important agricultural pathogen leading to abortion and embryonic lethality in ruminant species, especially sheep. The importance of CVV in human public health has recently increased because of the report of severe neurotropic diseases. However, mosquito species responsible for transmission of the virus to humans remain to be determined. In this study, vector competence of three Culex species mosquitoes of public health importance, Culex pipiens, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus, was determined in order to identify potential bridge vector species responsible for the transmission of CVV from viremic vertebrate hosts to humans.ResultsVariation of susceptibility to CVV was observed among selected Culex species mosquitoes tested in this study. Per os infection resulted in the establishment of infection and dissemination in Culex tarsalis, whereas Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus were highly refractory to CVV. Detection of viral RNA in saliva collected from infected Cx. tarsalis provided evidence supporting its role as a competent vector.ConclusionsOur study provided further understanding of the transmission cycles of CVV and identifies Cx. tarsalis as a competent vector.

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Cross-Neutralization Tests among Cache Valley Virus Isolates Revealing the Existence of Multiple Subtypes

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Infection and transmission of Cache Valley virus by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Infection and transmission of Cache Valley virus by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Bunyavirus Taxonomy: Limitations and Misconceptions Associated with the Current ICTV Criteria Used for Species Demarcation

Culex tarsalis is a competent vector species for Cache Valley virus

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