Segmentation that combines insight with descriptive, predictive and operational capability represents the most complete and powerful capability for marketers, when achievable, and therefore a gold standard. However, the author notes a trend towards simpler, limited modes. These tend to isolate capabilities, such as descriptive market segmentation, or predictive analytics for targeting tactical campaigns, or real-time ' black-box ' behavioural algorithms, such as collaborative fi ltering and next best action. The author suggests this is brought about by failures in technique, process or imagination, giving typical causes, and posits a simple ' test of effectiveness ' self-audit for organisation decision-making.