Cross-modal integration between odors and abstract symbols

Crossmodal correspondences between odors and contingent features: odors, musical notes, and geometrical shapes

“…One can also find olfactory experiences that are associated with apparently more arbitrary features, such as the visual or amodal dimension of "brightness" (N. E. Cohen, 1934;von Hornbostel, 1931;Kemp & Gilbert, 1994, 1997Schiller, 1935), 1 the colors or shapes of three-dimensional objects (Smets & Overbeeke, 1989), and the notion of "thickness," "heaviness," or "density," borrowed from the tactile domain and typical of solid objects (Stevenson & Mahmut, 2011). Finally, when prompted, or when performing some sort of forced choice task, people not only associate odors with certain auditory features, such as auditory pitch (Belkin et al, 1997;Crisinel & Spence, 2012b), but also with certain visual features, such as angularity and roundness (HansonVaux, Crisinel, & Spence, 2013;Seo, Arshamian, et al, 2010).…”

Odours reduce the magnitude of object substitution masking for matching visual targets in females

“…In the current study, it is likely that congruent odours influenced a relatively early perceptual stage of visual processing not disrupted during OSM. Previous behavioural studies have suggested that olfaction and vision are integrated at an early stage of perceptual processing (Seo, Arshamian, et al, 2010;Zhou et al, 2010Zhou et al, , 2012, and ERPs clearly show that odours enhance processing of matching images at the N1 component in females, peaking at approximately 135 ms after image presentation (Robinson et al, 2015).…”

“…Specific odours have cross-modal associations with colours (Dematte, Sanabria, & Spence, 2006;Gilbert, Martin, & Kemp, 1996) and shapes (Hanson-Vaux, Crisinel, & Spence, 2013;Seo, Arshamian, et al, 2010), and these associations are consistent across individuals (Gilbert et al, 1996;Hanson-Vaux et al, 2013;Kemp & Gilbert, 1997; Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1157-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Osterbauer et al, 2005).…”

“…Surprisingly, there has been little focus on gender differences in multisensory integration between olfaction and other modalities, despite accumulating research on interactions between olfaction and vision. Several olfactory-visual experiments have been conducted with a majority of female participants (Chen et al, 2013;Seo, Roidl, Muller, & Negoias, 2010;Seo, Arshamian, et al, 2010;Zhou et al, 2012), so it is possible that previous results have been driven by larger multisensory effects in females than males.…”

Crossmodal correspondences between visual, olfactory and auditory information

“…During the past decades the topic of crossmodal correspondences has gained in interest. Crossmodal correspondences have been found between many different sensory modalities, for example: betwee n audition and touch (Yau et al, 2009), olfaction and touch (Demattè et al, 2006a), vision and touch (Martino & Marks, 2000), auditory pitch and smell (Belkin et al, 1997), color and olfaction (Demattè et al, 2006b;Kemp & Gilbert, 1996), shapes and olfaction (Seo et al, 2010), color and taste , nonsense-words/shapes and taste (Spence & Gallace, 2011), and taste and musical notes (Crisinel & Spence, 2010).…”