Cross-linking of polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts chemistry to improve thermal stability

Wang, Zhitao; Jiang, David D.; McKinney, Michael A.; Wilkie, Charles A.

doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(98)00159-1

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It can be seen that the temperature of 10% degradation is significantly enhanced for all additives except the triarylphosphate. This is completely in accord with the mechanism which has been previously suggested in which the alkyl chain is lost as a olefin with the formation of a phosphoric acid [7] .…”

Section: Samplessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Cross-linking does not occur very easily at these lower amounts of alcohol, unlike what has been observed in our previous work when the fraction of alcohol in the copolymer was higher [7] . The onset temperature of the degradation, as measured by the temperature at which 10% mass loss occurs, increases by an amount ranging from negligible to about 20°C compared to pure polystyrene.…”

Section: T(10%loss) T(50%loss) Char(%) Gc(%) Sr(%)contrasting

confidence: 80%

“…In previous work [7] we have reported on the TGA/FTIR of the combination of additive 141 with the 1-alcohol. Here similar results are reported for the 2-and 3-alcohols.…”

Section: Tga/ftir Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported that the thermal stability of alcohol-containing copolymers was improved when they were combined with 10% of the phosphate additive 141 [7], [8] . In this work five different phosphate additives have been examined.…”

Section: The Thermal Stability Of Copolymers With Phosphate Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stabilization of polystyrene by Friedel-Crafts chemistry: effect of position of alcohol and the catalyst

Zhu

McKinney

Wilkie

1999

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Polystyrene has been copolymerized with 4-vinylbenzyl alcohol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)styrene, and 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)styrene and it has been shown that thermal cross-linking of these copolymers is dependent upon the alcohol content. When the alcohol content is low, no thermal cross-linking is observed. When various phosphate esters are present as catalysts with these low alcohol content copolymers, cross-linking is observed at temperatures of about 250°C but not at lower temperatures. Cross-linking enhances the thermal stability of the copolymers. Studies of the thermal stability of the copolymers and their blends with the catalysts have been performed using thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There is little difference in the thermal stability of all three copolymers and their blends with the catalysts.

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Section: Samplessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: T(10%loss) T(50%loss) Char(%) Gc(%) Sr(%)contrasting

confidence: 80%

“…In previous work [7] we have reported on the TGA/FTIR of the combination of additive 141 with the 1-alcohol. Here similar results are reported for the 2-and 3-alcohols.…”

Section: Tga/ftir Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Thermal Stability Of Copolymers With Phosphate Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stabilization of polystyrene by Friedel-Crafts chemistry: effect of position of alcohol and the catalyst

Zhu

McKinney

Wilkie

1999

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…by copolymerization, which subsequently form a cross-linked product through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and ultimately lead to the formation of char, is an effective way to stabilize polystyrene. [6][7][8][9] We have previously reported on the study of multi-functional additives which could cross-link polystyrene at controllable temperature. 10 p-Hydroxymethylbenzyl chloride was found to be an effective cross-linking agent of polystyrene, and combined with appropriate amount of catalyst precursor and inhibitor, the crosslinking temperature was in the desired range of above the processing temperature and below the degradation temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-linking of polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts chemistry: reaction of p-hydroxymethylbenzyl chloride with polystyrene

Yao

McKinney

Dick

et al. 2001

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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p-Hydroxymethylbenzyl chloride was found to be an effective cross-linking agent for polystyrene. The reaction was found to occur by Friedel-Crafts alkylation between the benzyl alcohol/chloride functional groups in the additive and phenyl ring in polystyrene. The reaction was studied by TGA-IR to monitor the evolution of hydrogen chloride and water, and the structure of the resultant gel was analyzed by solid state NMR and elemental analysis. The potential application in flame-retardancy was evaluated using Cone calorimetry.

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Flame Retardants: Overview

Morgan

Worku

2015

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Flame retardants are a class of chemicals utilized to provide fire safety performance to other materials, structures, and devices used in modern society. These chemicals are highly varied in molecular structure and chemistry and work by one of the following three main mechanisms: vapor‐phase combustion inhibition, endothermic cooling, or condensed‐phase char formation. The chemicals in use today fall into seven main chemical groups including halogenated, phosphorus based, mineral fillers, nitrogen based, intumescent materials, inorganic materials, and polymer nanocomposites. In this article, how flame retardants are used, how they work, and when to use them is discussed. From the article, it will be clear that flame retardants are chemicals employed to provide fire protection for specific materials in specific fire risk scenarios. Specifically, while the term “flame retardant” can cover a wide range of materials and chemicals, not all materials called flame retardants are effective in all materials and against all fire threats. Each flame retardant chemical must be tailored for its end use, and in this article, the criteria for flame retardant selection and use will be discussed in a general manner. This article serves as an overview of flame‐retardant technology from how they are used today, what chemistries are used, and what the future of this technology may be. The article is comprehensive in scope about what this chemical technology is, but cannot provide all of the essential details for proper use of these materials in end‐use fire safety applications. Still, guidance is provided in the article to help the reader to understand the breadth of the technology and where to go to learn more, or how to engage intelligently with fire safety engineers and fire safety scientists to develop fire‐safe materials.

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Cross-linking of polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts chemistry to improve thermal stability

Abstract: This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; but the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation below.

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Stabilization of polystyrene by Friedel-Crafts chemistry: effect of position of alcohol and the catalyst

Stabilization of polystyrene by Friedel-Crafts chemistry: effect of position of alcohol and the catalyst

Cross-linking of polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts chemistry: reaction of p-hydroxymethylbenzyl chloride with polystyrene

Flame Retardants: Overview

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