Cross-Linking Methods of the Silk Protein Hydrogel in Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Tissue Regeneration

Advancements and Challenges in Hydrogel Engineering for Regenerative Medicine

“…Silk fibroin hydrogels have been explored for their application in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regeneration, highlighting their biocompatibility, safety, and potential for combination with other materials for high-quality tissue regeneration [108]. The use of electrospinning and hydrogel composites for engineering and regenerating soft tissues has been discussed, with electrospun nanofiber scaffolds showing morphological similarities to the natural ECM and enhancing biological performance for complex tissue engineering [109].…”

“…Their effectiveness in facilitating the imaging of extracellular matrix hydrogel distribution, supporting functional islet organoids, and aiding muscle recovery underscores the essential role of hydrogels in generating functional tissues and organoids, signaling new advancements in wound healing, cardiac tissue engineering, and the remediation of volumetric muscle loss [44,67,[100][101][102]110,113]. The exploration of innovative hydrogel formulations, such as silk protein hydrogels and all-heparin gel microwells, reflects continuous innovation, offering fresh avenues for the development of advanced biomaterials [108,116]. This comprehensive analysis displays the transformative impact of hydrogels across various aspects of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highlighting their significant potential for future biomedical advancements.…”

Current Perspectives of Protein in Bone Tissue Engineering: Bone Structure, Ideal Scaffolds, Fabrication Techniques, Applications, Scopes, and Future Advances

“…It has been verified that the rate at which SF breaks down improves as the amount of β-sheet crystals decreases. Furthermore, β-sheet crystals impart SF-based materials with exceptional mechanical characteristics, including elevated strength and excellent toughness . Wei et al have developed biodegradable scaffolds from doped mineralized collagen to induce bone repair and regeneration, and it was found that these scaffolds have excellent osteogenic properties with enhanced proliferation .…”

“…Furthermore, β-sheet crystals impart SF-based materials with exceptional mechanical characteristics, including elevated strength and excellent toughness. 205 Wei et al have developed biodegradable scaffolds from doped mineralized collagen to induce bone repair and regeneration, and it was found that these scaffolds have excellent osteogenic properties with enhanced proliferation. 206 Zhou et al have developed biomimetic scaffold materials from silk fibroin, chitosan, and hydroxyapatite with autologous concentrated growth factors to strengthen osteogenesis differentiation to repair and regenerate critical bone defects.…”