Cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed with monofunctional or multifunctional epoxy compounds

Sung, Hsing‐Wen; Hsu, Hung-Liang; Shih, Chin-Chin; Lin, Der-Shyu

doi:10.1016/0142-9612(96)87282-6

Cited by 79 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It has been noted that amino group modification does not linearly relate to either denaturation temperature or resistance to enzymatic digestion. 17,31,32 As indicated in Table I, the fixation indices of the glutaraldehyde-, epoxy-, and genipin-fixed tissues did not seem to be affected by their respective crosslinking agents used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a bovine pericardium fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent

Sung

Chang

Chiu

et al. 1999

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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160

123

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Currently available crosslinking agents used in fixing bioprostheses are all highly (or relatively highly) cytotoxic, which may induce an adverse inflammatory reaction in vivo. It is therefore desirable to provide a crosslinking agent that is of low cytotoxicty and may form stable and biocompatible crosslinked products. To achieve this goal, a naturally occurring crosslinking agent-genipin-was used by our group to fix biological tissues. Genipin may be obtained from its parent compound, geniposide, which may be isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. In our previous studies, it was found that the cytotoxicity of genipin is significantly lower than both glutaraldehyde and an epoxy compound. Also, it was shown that genipin can form stable and biocompatible crosslinked products. The present study further investigates the crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a genipin-fixed bovine pericardium. Fresh and glutaraldehyde- and epoxy-fixed counterparts were used as controls. It was found that the denaturation temperatures of the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed tissues were significantly greater than the epoxy-fixed tissue, although their fixation indices were comparable. The mechanical properties of fresh bovine pericardium are anisotropic. However, fixation tended to eliminate tissue anisotropy. The tendency in the elimination of tissue anisotropy for the genipin-fixed tissue was more remarkable than for the glutaraldehyde- and epoxy-fixed tissues. In addition, the genipin-fixed tissue had the greatest ultimate tensile strength and toughness among all the fixed tissues. Distinct patterns in rupture were observed in the study: The torn collagen fibers of the genipin- and glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues appeared to be bound together, while those of fresh and the epoxy-fixed tissues stayed loose. The results obtained in the study suggests that tissue fixation in glutaraldehyde, epoxy compound, and genipin may produce distinct crosslinking structures. The differences in crosslinking structure may affect the crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of the fixed tissues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a bovine pericardium fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent

Sung

Chang

Chiu

et al. 1999

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

Self Cite

160

123

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“…When the glands, however, were embedded in Epon the secretory vesicles appeared dark and mesotocin could clearly be immunolabeled. Here, the epoxy resin acted obviously as an additional chemical crosslinker (Causton 1986;Matsko and Müller 2005;Sung et al 1996) and was essential for a successful localization. This example clearly shows that there should be no dogmas in immunolabeling.…”

Section: Immunolabeling Of High Pressure Frozen Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron microscopy of high pressure frozen samples: bridging the gap between cellular ultrastructure and atomic resolution

Studer

Humbel

Chiquet

2008

Histochem Cell Biol

245

192

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Transmission electron microscopy has provided most of what is known about the ultrastructural organization of tissues, cells, and organelles. Due to tremendous advances in crystallography and magnetic resonance imaging, almost any protein can now be modeled at atomic resolution. To fully understand the workings of biological "nanomachines" it is necessary to obtain images of intact macromolecular assemblies in situ. Although the resolution power of electron microscopes is on the atomic scale, in biological samples artifacts introduced by aldehyde Wxation, dehydration and staining, but also section thickness reduces it to some nanometers. CryoWxation by high pressure freezing circumvents many of the artifacts since it allows vitrifying biological samples of about 200 m in thickness and immobilizes complex macromolecular assemblies in their native state in situ. To exploit the perfect structural preservation of frozen hydrated sections, sophisticated instruments are needed, e.g., high voltage electron microscopes equipped with precise goniometers that work at low temperature and digital cameras of high sensitivity and pixel number. With them, it is possible to generate high resolution tomograms, i.e., 3D views of subcellular structures. This review describes theory and applications of the high pressure cryoWxation methodology and compares its results with those of conventional procedures.Moreover, recent Wndings will be discussed showing that molecular models of proteins can be Wtted into depicted organellar ultrastructure of images of frozen hydrated sections. High pressure freezing of tissue is the base which may lead to precise models of macromolecular assemblies in situ, and thus to a better understanding of the function of complex cellular structures.

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“…A portion of the cellular xenogeneic pig urinary bladder tissue, prepared as described above, was subjected to the surfactant + enzyme treatment for the preparation of an acellular allograft and made into the UBM. The UBM was randomly divided into two equal parts -one was treated with 0.625% genipin solution (pH 7.4) and shaken at 25 ° C to cross-link it for 72 h [21], which resulted in the cross-linked UBM. This was then flattened, fixed, and freeze-dried.…”

Section: Mesh Implantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological response to and immunogenicity of different material patches implanted in rabbit abdominal walls

Fan

Xu²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering

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The high failure rate of traditional procedures of repairing pelvic organ prolapse by using sutures pushes multiple transvaginal mesh delivery systems into the marketplace; however, these are currently without optimal clinical results. We observed the short-term histological changes and the effects of Th1/Th2 cytokines after the implantation in rabbit abdominal walls of five materials, i.e., porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM), cross-linked UBM, polypropylene mesh, composite cross-linked UBM, and composite UBM, and explored the feasibility of their application to pelvic reconstructive surgery. Grafts were harvested at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery and were processed for histology in order to evaluate the host inflammatory response and the degree of tissue incorporation. Additionally, graft site cytokine levels were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrate that the two composite groups were associated with an erosion response, whereas the other groups induced a milder response than the composite groups. The Th1/Th2 cytokine mRNA expression levels of the cross-linked UBM group at each time point were similar to that of the sham group, whereas the other groups elicited a more variable expression. The cross-linked UBM showed slow degradation, mild inflammatory response, and low immunogenicity. This suggests that cross-linked UBM is a better material of choice for pelvic reconstructive surgery.

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Cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed with monofunctional or multifunctional epoxy compounds

Cited by 79 publications

References 24 publications

Crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a bovine pericardium fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent

Crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a bovine pericardium fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent

Electron microscopy of high pressure frozen samples: bridging the gap between cellular ultrastructure and atomic resolution

Histological response to and immunogenicity of different material patches implanted in rabbit abdominal walls

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