Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte for Improved Selectivity and Processability of Iontronic Systems

Sjöström, Theresia Arbring; Jönsson, Anna K.; Gabrielsson, Erik O.; Kergoat, Loïg; Tybrandt, Klas; Berggren, Magnus; Simon, Daniel T.

doi:10.1021/acsami.7b05949

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The first generation of iontronic components used overoxidized PEDOT:PSS as the CEM . Poly(styrene sulfonate)‐ co ‐maleic acid cross‐linked with polyethylene glycol (PSS‐ co ‐MA/PEG) was later introduced as an alternative with higher fabrication flexibility and better selectivity . The hydrogel polyanion poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (pDADMAC) and polycation poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (pAMPSA) have also been demonstrated in microfluidics‐based iontronic circuits .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selectivity is estimated by measuring the delivered number of ions in the target electrolyte, after a known/measured amount of charge. This method can be complemented by membrane potential measurements, where different concentrations of electrolyte are separated by the membrane, and give rise to a potential that correlates with the apparent transport number . Combining these methods, a high degree of precision regarding the quantity of delivered ions is achieved, directly dependent on the driving current (time‐integrated current is equivalent to the total charge transported) and the IEM selectivity.…”

Section: Iontronic Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices

Sjöström

Berggren

Gabrielsson

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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113

102

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comprises materials and devices that can fulfill just this dual ionic-electronic capability. Iontronics utilize the coupling of electrical and ionic signals in conducing polymers, leading to, for example, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), [2] electrolyte-gated (also known as electric doublelayer capacitor-gated) organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs), [3,4] organic electrochemical biosensors, [5,6] and iontronic delivery electrodes and devices. [7][8][9][10][11] In iontronic delivery devices (Figure 1), chemical gradients are created by controlled release of charged biomolecules (ions) at specific locations at specific times. [7,8,12] Ions are transported to these release sites through ionic conductors due to applied electric fields between electrodes. The ionic conductors form the foundation of iontronic resistors (organic electronic ion pumps, OEIPs), diodes, and transistors which can be combined into circuits for, for example, multiplexing, addressing, and signal processing. These iontronic circuits behave analogous to traditional electronics, but use ions as charge carriers rather than electrons, and allow for the development of fully chemical systems generating complex signal patterns at high spatiotemporal resolution and biochemical specificity.There are several other techniques for electronic control of substance release, drug delivery, or ion transport related to this form of iontronics. These include techniques such as microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based micropumps, [13] iontophoresis, [14,15] and organic electronic redox-mediated controlled release. [11,16] In comparison to these technologies, iontronic drug delivery provides a means of simultaneously achieving high delivery precision, minimal (or zero) liquid transport that could interfere with fragile biochemical microenvironments, continuous resupply of the transported substance, and (in principle) exact control over delivered amounts, even at speeds on par with synaptic signaling. In addition, as they are based on well-established solid-state device manufacturing techniques, iontronic components and systems can be miniaturized, addressed, and integrated with complex electronic systems in a straightforward manner. These features of iontronics combine to enable the lowest dose possible. With other techniques for substance release and transport, larger doses are often distributed (usually in solution phase) with less control, which could result in unwanted side effects. Other technologies have their advantages primarily in potentially simpler device design, the ability to transport larger molecules (e.g., In contrast to electronic systems, biology rarely uses electrons as the signal to regulate functions, but rather ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, these materials have emerged as an excellent tool for translating signals between these two realms, hence the field of organic bioelectroni...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iontronic Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices

Sjöström

Berggren

Gabrielsson

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

Self Cite

113

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, the mobility of ions through the CEM is related to their diffusion coefficient, with higher diffusion coefficient corresponding to higher mobility, and thus higher conductivity. [ 20 ] K + has a diffusion coefficient of 1.957 × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 . [ 21 ] Larger organic ions are generally closer to half that value, with some reports of cytidine monophosphate (chemically similar and only slightly larger than Gem) having a diffusion coefficient of around 0.62 × 10 −5 cm 2 s − .…”

Section: Electronically Controlled Targeted Gem Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Chemotherapy of Glioblastoma Spheroids with an Iontronic Pump

Waldherr

Seitanidou

Jakešová

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Successful treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most lethal tumor of the brain, is presently hampered by (i) the limits of safe surgical resection and (ii) “shielding” of residual tumor cells from promising chemotherapeutic drugs such as Gemcitabine (Gem) by the blood brain barrier (BBB). Here, the vastly greater GBM cell‐killing potency of Gem compared to the gold standard temozolomide is confirmed, moreover, it shows neuronal cells to be at least 104‐fold less sensitive to Gem than GBM cells. The study also demonstrates the potential of an electronically‐driven organic ion pump (“GemIP”) to achieve controlled, targeted Gem delivery to GBM cells. Thus, GemIP‐mediated Gem delivery is confirmed to be temporally and electrically controllable with pmol min−1 precision and electric addressing is linked to the efficient killing of GBM cell monolayers. Most strikingly, GemIP‐mediated GEM delivery leads to the overt disintegration of targeted GBM tumor spheroids. Electrically‐driven chemotherapy, here exemplified, has the potential to radically improve the efficacy of GBM adjuvant chemotherapy by enabling exquisitely‐targeted and controllable delivery of drugs irrespective of whether these can cross the BBB.

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“…It is transformed from Na + form to H + form (PSS -:Na +co-MA -:Na + → PSS -:H + -co-MA -:H + ) by dialysis in HCl(aq) since the proton form is needed for cross-linking. 123…”

Section: Preparation Of Pss-co-ma/pegmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The substrates were soaked the well-known adhesion promoter 3glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) for 7 minutes. 123 GOPS forms silanon bonds to the glass substrate and contains an epoxy group that can react with the polymer material. The polyanion PSS-co-MA/PEG was deposited by spincoating followed by baking at 110 °C overnight.…”

Section: Cem Channel Deposition and Patterningmentioning

confidence: 99%