“…Scholars (Stanovich, 2000) have claimed that stumbles at word recognition are at the core of reading difficulties. Word naming has been extensively used to diagnose at-risk readers (Andrews, 1995;Clemens, Shapiro, & Thoemmes, 2011;Compton et al, 2010;Compton, Fuchs, Fuchs, & Bryant, 2006;Fuchs et al, 2004;Millett, 2011;Parker et al, 2015;Perry, 2016;Weiderholt & Bryant, 2001). The fact that low sub-proficiency learners were unexceptionally weak in word reading suggested a lack of compensatory mechanisms at the word recognition level (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974;Lesgold & Perfetti, 1978;Nassaji, 2014).…”