“…Employees are assured of the stability of their employment Ichniowski et al, 1997;Combs et al, 2006;Sun et al, 2007;Gong et al, 2009;Jiang et al, 2012 Performance appraisal Assessing employees' job performance periodically based on a set of organizational criteria White et al, 2003;Beltrán-Martín et al, 2008;Gong et al, 2009;Wood and De Menezes, 2011;Wood et al, 2012 Career opportunities Employees have opportunities (e.g., through promotion) to progress in their job and career Huselid, 1995;Gould-Williams, 2003;Macky & Boxall, 2007;Kroon et al, 2009;Jiang et al, 2012 Compensation pay Employees are offered equitable payments such as profitsharing or pay for performance, Whitener, 2001;Gould-Williams, 2003;Macky & Boxall, 2007;Gong et al, 2009;Takeuchi et al, 2009;Wood et al, 2012 Grievance procedures Workplace has standard procedures for airing and resolving complaints and grievances Huselid, 1995;Ramsay et al, 2000;Takeuchi et al, 2009;Wood and De Menezes, 2011;Combs et al, 2006 Employee representation Formal structures for representing and promoting the interests of employees Ichniowski et al, 1997;Ramsay et al, 2000;Edwards and Wright, 2001;Wood and De Menezes, 2011 Opportunity-enhancing practices Task autonomy Employees' have direct influence over how to carry out their job tasks and responsibilities Ramsay et al, 2000;Barling et al, 2003;Wood and De Menezes, 2011;Wood et al, 2012 Task clarity and variety Employees have clearly defined job tasks with meaningful levels of variety on the job MacDuffie, 1995;…”