Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing for Sparse Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising technology to monitor and explore the oceans instead of traditional undersea wireline instruments. Traditional routing protocols are inefficient for UWSNs due to the specific nature of the underwater environment. In contrast, Opportunistic Routing (OR) protocols establish an online route for each transmission, which can well adapt with time-varying underwater channel. Cross-layer design is an effective approach to combine the metrics from different layers to optimize an OR routing in UWSNs. However, typical cross-layer OR routing protocols that are designed for UWSNs suffer from congestion problem at high traffic loads. In this paper, a Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol (CLOR) is proposed to reduce the congestion in multi-hop sparse UWSNs. The CLOR consists of a negotiation phase and transmission phase. In the negotiation phase, the cross-layer information in fuzzy logic is utilized to attain an optimal forwarder node. In the transmission phase, to improve the transmission performance, a burst transmission strategy with network coding is exploited. Finally, we perform simulations of the proposed CLOR protocol in a specific sea region. Simulation results show that CLOR significantly improves the network performances at various traffic rates compared to existing protocols.

CLORDFS-Optimized Routing and Data Forwarding Scheme for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks using Cross-Layer Parameters

“…The simulations are carried out on NetSim v12.2, a discrete event network simulator. These results are compared with the protocol CLOR presented in [31], a cross layer opportunistic routing protocol for sparse networks like CLORDFS and another adaptive routing protocol designed for delay tolerant UAWSN presented in [5]. A network of 64 sensor devices is The Table 1 shows some of the important simulation parameters.…”

“…To minimize the routing overhead, protocols employ anchor nodes, location information and autonomous unmanned vehicles. Most of the other schemes are aimed at minimizing the energy consumption [27,28], while few other works focus on the network topology like if the network is dense or sparse [29][30][31]. The location based clustering algorithm presented in [28] aims at minimization of nodes energy drain surrounding the sink node.…”

“…This work makes use of an optimal transmission rate metric, which indicates the minimum energy required to transmit a bit. CLOR [31] is a way to decreases the congestion in sparse multihop underwater networks as a contribution to the betterment of network performance. This is attained using the phases-negotiation and transmission.…”

ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)

“…Meanwhile, the ROBINA outperformed in these scenarios and covered both (water/node movement, frequently charged topology, dynamic and static sinks stations, acute communication, and water current, which is also unpredictable with dense to shallow water) using the rotation-based path and mechanism of inter-node adjustment. When a medium to the large-scale network was eliminated as a text-bed, the amount indicated by our technique was not debatable; [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] is a good example for this understanding.…”

“…In multiple scenarios in Underwater, we only assume the fading ratio of a particular channel between two nodes on a limited scale owing to multipath | d i j,n |. Here, we assume | a i j,n | follows the same work as described in [ 37 , 38 ].…”