Cross-Cultural Validity of Psychological Distress Measurement During
                    the Coronavirus Pandemic

Liu, Shuyan; Heinz, Andreas

doi:10.1055/a-1190-5029

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A higher increase in psychological stress in mothers was about twice as likely over time. This is consistent with prior research, 6,9,25,30 and could be related to gender-specific responses toward environmental stressors, the burden associated with additional role demands (e.g. regarding home schooling, psychological family support, economic and jobrelated aspects) and a higher vulnerability of women toward stressrelated disorders.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…22,23 This is of particular importance in adolescents, given their increased vulnerability to stress and psychopathology in a period of substantial neurobiological and psychological changes. 24 The finding builds on initial cross-sectional studies from Germany, 25 Italy 9 and China, 26,27 showing that about a quarter of German, a third of Italian and up to half of Chinese adults reported feelings of mental distress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, baseline psychological stress level could be identified as a major factor that needs to be considered when investigating potential stress increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Risk factors for prospective increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative sample of adolescents and their parents

et al. 2021

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Background COVID-19 lockdown measures imposed extensive restrictions to public life. Previous studies suggest significant negative psychological consequences, but lack longitudinal data on population-based samples. Aims We aimed to prospectively identify increased psychological stress and associated risk factors in parent–child dyads. Method We conducted a prospective, observational online study on a representative German sample of 1221 adolescents aged 10–17 years and their parents. Psychological stress and psychosocial variables were assessed before the pandemic (baseline) and 1 month after the start of lockdown (follow-up), using standardised measures. We used multilevel modelling to estimate changes in psychological stress, and logistic regression to determine demographic and psychosocial risk factors for increased psychological stress. Results The time of measurement explained 43% of the psychological stress variance. Of 731 dyads with complete data, 252 adolescents (34.5%, 95% CI 31.0–37.9) and 217 parents (29.7%, 95% CI 26.4–33.0) reported a significant increase in psychological stress. Baseline levels were lower than in dyads without increased psychological stress. Risk factors for increased psychological stress included sociodemographic (e.g. female parents, severe financial worries) and emotion regulation aspects (e.g. non-acceptance of emotional responses in parents, limited access to emotion regulation strategies in adolescents), explaining 31% of the adolescent (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.31) and 29% of the parental (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.29) model variance. Conclusions This study is the first to prospectively show an increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative family sample. Identified demographic and psychosocial risk factors lead to relevant implications for prevention measures regarding this important public health issue.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Risk factors for prospective increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative sample of adolescents and their parents

et al. 2021

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“…The survey script was available for all devices. The questionnaire used (Additional Table 1) was similar to those used in China during the tumultuous time of the COVID-19 epidemic [11], and to small surveys in Saudi Arabia [14], India [15], Iran [16], Brazil [17], Nepal [18], and Germany [19]. The socio-demographic section was modified to be more compliant with the Italian situation.…”

Section: Participants and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological distress among Italians during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) quarantine

et al. 2021

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Background Quarantine as a preventive action to reduce people’s exposure to a contagious disease has substantial psychological impact. We aimed to collect information on psychologically distressing experiences of Italians living in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods From 6 to 20 April 2020 participants filled out an online questionnaire. Demographic and physical symptoms data from the prior 14 days of quarantine were collected. Psychological impact of quarantine was assessed by the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI). Results In all, 20,158 participants completed the online survey. Of these, 11,910 (59.1%) were from Lombardy, the region with 37.7% of positive cases identified during the survey period. 30.1% of responders were male. About half (55.9%) of responders were 18–50 years old, 54.3% had a tertiary level of education, 69.5% were workers, 84.1% were living in houses with ≥3 rooms, and 13.7% were living alone. 9.7% had had contact with COVID-19 positive people. Of all responders, 9978 (48.6%) reported a psychological impact, 8897 (43.4%) of whom reported mild or moderate and 1081 (5.2%) severe psychological impact. The multivariate analysis, after adjustments, showed that an increasing CPDI score was associated with gender (female), first-second educational level, being unemployed, living in a ≤2 room house, having had new health problems during the previous 14 days, and not having been out of the house in the previous week. Concerning the type of psychological distress, 2003 responders (9.9%) reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms, 1131 (5.5%) moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 802 (3.9%) moderate to severe physical symptoms. A positive correlation was found between responder rate (per 10.000 residents) and positive COVID-19 cases (per 10.000 residents) by region (rs = + 0.83, p = < 0.0001), and between responder rate and region latitude (rs = + 0.91, p = < 0.0001), with a greater response rate in the north. Considering Lombardy Region responders, a negative correlation between CPDI score and distance from place of residence to the red zone (Nembro-Alzano) was found. Higher prevalence of psychological distress was found up to 25 km away from the red zone and, in particular, severe distress up to 15 km. Conclusions Policy makers and mental health professionals should be aware of quarantine’s adverse mental health consequences. Factors influencing the success of quarantine and infection control practices for both disease containment and community recovery should be identified and additional support to vulnerable persons at increased risk of adverse psychological and social consequences of quarantine should be guaranteed.

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“…In a study conducted in Iran [ 22 ], the mean score of CPDI was higher than the results reported in China; 47% and 14.1% of the Iranian adults experienced mild to moderate and severe psychological distress, compared to 29.3% and 5.1% respectively in China. In Germany, Liu and Heinz [ 23 ] reported an average CPDI score (Mean = 21.9, SD = 12.6) 1.8% lower than that of the above-mentioned China-based sample (Mean = 23.7, SD =15.4). In the German sample, 24% of respondents reported psychological distress (20.6% with mild stress and 3.6% severe stress), substantially lower rates than in the Chinese sample where 34.4% of the respondents reported distress (29.3% mild and 5.1% severe).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

Jiménez

Rieker

Avilés

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the daily lives of the population with dramatic effects caused not only by the health risks of the coronavirus, but also by its psychological and social impact in large sectors of the worldwide population. The present study adapted the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) to the Spanish population, and 1094 Spanish adults (mean age 52.55 years, 241 males) completed the Spanish version in a cross-sectional online survey. To analyze the factorial structure and reliability of the CPDI, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the Spanish sample. The effects of gender and age on the degree of distress were analyzed using the factorial scores of the CPDI as the dependent variables. Results showed that, after rotation, the first factor (Stress symptoms) accounted for 35% of the total variance and the second factor (COVID-19 information) for 15%. Around 25% (n = 279) of the participants experienced mild to moderate distress symptoms, 16% (n = 179) severe distress, and about 58% (n = 636) showed no distress symptoms. Women experienced more distress than men (p<0.01), and distress decreased with age (p<0.01). We conclude that the CPDI seems a promising screening tool for the rapid detection of potential peritraumatic stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Cross-Cultural Validity of Psychological Distress Measurement During the Coronavirus Pandemic

Cited by 35 publications

References 6 publications

Risk factors for prospective increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative sample of adolescents and their parents

Risk factors for prospective increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative sample of adolescents and their parents

Psychological distress among Italians during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) quarantine

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

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