“…In a similar view, research in academic writing has long established that functional metadiscourse plays an essential role in academic writing, owning to different communicative functions (Farnia & Mohammadi, 2019;Ho & Li, 2018;Hong & Cao, 2014;Hyland, 2005aHyland, , 2010Hyland & Tse, 2004;Kim & Lim, 2013;Lee & Deakin, 2016;Li & Wharton, 2012;Mur-Duenas, 2011;Musa et al, 2019). Thus, as a way to understand the functional metadiscourse in negotiating meanings in a text and establishing a connection with readers of a text, our previous study (Lo et al, 2020) examined the use of metadiscourse in academic writing across four areas of study in education.…”