Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the shoulder pain and disability index in patients with symptomatic shoulder pain

Abstract

The aim of this study is to cross-culturally adapt and translate the original version of SPADI into Chinese (C-SPADI), and to test the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the C-SPADI.This research was a test of previously developed diagnostic criteria in a series of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard. The original version was translated into Chinese according to international recognized standards. Patients who were diagnosed with a shoulder disorder and underwent shoulder arthroscopic treatments from 2014 to 2015 were enrolled in our study. Each participant was asked to finish the C-SPADI, the Short-Form 36 (SF-36), and the Oxford Shoulder score (OSS) at first visit. The C-SPADI was completed a second time with an interval of 7 days. Six months after arthroscopic treatments, the C-SPADI was completed a third time for responsiveness evaluation. The Cronbach alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimally detectable change (MDC), Pearson correlation coefficient (r), effect size (ES), and standardized response mean (SRM) were calculated to evaluate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of C-SPADI respectively.The original version of the SPADI was well adapted and translated into Chinese. The Cronbach alpha ranged from 0.812 to 0.912 in all subscales and total scale of the C-SPADI, indicating good or excellent internal consistency. The test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.887–0.915, SEM = 5.47, MDC = 15.16) was proved to be good or excellent. Moderate or good correlations (r = 0.556–0.672) were obtained between the C-SPADI and the OSS, physical subscales of SF-36; and poor, fair, or moderate correlations (r = 0.038–0.492) were obtained between the C-SPADI and mental subscales of SF-36, which, adequately illustrated good discriminant validity in the C-SPADI. Additionally, the responsiveness was considered good in the C-SPADI (SRM = 1.58–2.44, ES = 1.79–2.17).The C-SPADI was documented to be a reliable, valid, and responsible instrument for self-assessment of patients with shoulder disorders in China.Level of Evidence: Level II.

Measures of Adult Shoulder Function

“…The SPADI is translated into multiple languages. Cross‐cultural validation has been performed for the following languages: Spanish (11), Chinese (12), Arabic (13), Danish (14), Norwegian (15), Dutch (16), Indian (Tamil) (17), Hindi (18), Greek (19), Turkish (20), Brazilian Portuguese (21), Persian (22), Thai (23), Nepali (24), Italian (25), and German (26).…”

Study On The Pathogenesis Of Post-Stroke Shoulder Pain Based On The Characteristics Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-A Retrospective Study

“…Bone marrow edema of the humerus head is common in athletes engaged in throwing activities, but not common in the general population [25]. In this study, nearly 1/3 of PSSP patients showed bone marrow edema of the humerus, which was considered to be related to ischemia [26] or mechanical injury [17] caused by reduced blood supply to the shoulder joint after stroke. Bone marrow edema leads to increased intraosseous pressure and stimulates bone pain receptors in bone marrow, causing pain [27].…”

Development and Validation of a Simplified Chinese Version and a Face-Scale Version of the Oxford Shoulder Score: A 2-Center Prospective Study

“…Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation are necessary for direct international comparisons and cultural equivalence. Currently, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, 34 the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index, 13 the Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index, 35 and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index 33 are available for application in Chinese patients, as well as the simplified Chinese version of the OSS developed in 2015. 39 Unevenly distributed wealth and educational resources as well as high illiteracy rates are prevailing challenges in most developing countries, and simplified patient-reported outcome measures are needed to overcome some of the resulting cultural and language barriers.…”

“…The average FS-OSS score was 24.23 ± 9.11 initially and 24.04 ± 8.75 in the retest taken 5 to 7 days later, with the median (interquartile range) being 24 (18-32) and 24 (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). The average initial SC-OSS was 25.56 ± 9.98, and it was 24.78 ± 9.51 during retesting, with the median (interquartile range) values of 25 (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) and 24 (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)…”