Cross-border Research on Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Legal and Ethical Considerations

Abstract

Although stem cell research is a field that stands to benefit a lot from international cooperation, collaboration between scientists of different countries is hampered by the great divergence in national stem cell legislations. More specifically, researchers from countries with restrictive stem cell policies find themselves unable to participate in international research or attend meetings or workshops in more permissive environments as they fear being prosecuted in their home country for activities that are deemed acceptable abroad. Juridical clarity on this subject is long overdue. Legally, extraterritorial jurisdiction based on the nationality principle does not conflict with international law. However, invoking this principle to prosecute stem cell researchers would constitute a breach with the current custom to limit extraterritorial jurisdiction to exceptional crimes or circumstances. On the ethical front, legislators have an obligation towards their constituents to protect them from harm through the criminal justice system, but at the same time they should be wary of legal moralism and of jeopardising freedom of research. Researchers on their part cannot simply ignore the law whenever it deviates from their personal moral opinions, but they are not acting unethically if they perform research that they esteem to be ethically justified where it is also legally accepted. Allowing researchers to work freely abroad-within the jurisdiction of the host country-is a way for legislator and researcher to show respect for each other's different moral values and to balance their rights and obligations towards each other.

MSC transplantation: a promising therapeutic strategy to manage the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy

“…Their teratogenicity raises a major concern regarding biosafety. Bioethical, religious and political issues have limited the studies aimed to evaluate their putative massive therapeutic use (Mertes and Pennings, 2009). …”

In vitro augmentation of mesenchymal stem cells viability in stressful microenvironments

“…However, despite the differentiation capacity of the ESCs and iPSCs, potential tumorigenesis, ethical concerns, and graft versus host disease (GVHD) are the major challenges in development and clinical application of these cells (Brind'Amour 2012;Herberts et al 2011;Knoepfler 2009;Lodi et al 2011;Malard and Mohty 2014;Mertes and Pennings 2009;Takahashi et al 2007). …”

Stem Cell Research in the Greater Middle East: The Importance of Establishing Policy and Ethics Interoperability to Foster International Collaborations

“…If the nations of the GME do not achieve some level of policy interoperability, they are likely to face jurisdictional issues limiting cross-border research already seen in other nations such as Germany [36,37]. Scientists from restrictive nations who participate in international collaborations or travel overseas to perform research risk engaging in experiments determined to be unacceptable or even illegal in their native country [36,38].…”

“…Scientists from restrictive nations who participate in international collaborations or travel overseas to perform research risk engaging in experiments determined to be unacceptable or even illegal in their native country [36,38]. While apparently no researchers currently facing this issue have ever actually been criminally charged for this, such a threat does have an impact on their willingness to work with partners abroad [36].…”