“…With total plantation areas of 686,050 hectares, paddy is the most planted crop in Malaysia. Nevertheless, its production is low (Hassan et al, 2017), likely due to the limited amount of fertiliser used (Fatah et al, 2017), excessive pesticide usage (Fatah et al, 2017), climate change (Alam et al, 2019), ineffective irrigation system (Ibrahim & Alam, 2016), Inappropriate technology practice (Hassan et al, 2019), poor farm management (Norasma et al, 2019), unsatisfactory soil conditions (Yusof et al, 2019), disease and pest outbreaks (Yusof et al, 2019) and the output of farmers (Yusof et al, 2019;Alam et al, 2019). Such circumstances cause Malaysia's rice sector to be at a critical point.…”