Crocodilian Galloping: An Unique Gait for Reptiles

Zug, George R.

doi:10.2307/1442557

Cited by 71 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…The functional morphology and kinematics of crocodylian terrestrial locomotion have received considerable attention (von Huene, 1913;Schaeffer, 1941;Zug, 1974;Brinkman, 1980;Parrish, 1987;Frey, 1988;Gatesy, 1991;Reilly and Elias, 1998;Biewener, 1999, 2001;Salisbury and Frey, 2000;Renous et al, 2002;Richardson et al, 2002;Meers, 2003;Reilly and Blob, 2003;Willey et al, 2004;Reilly et al, 2005;Hutchinson, 2006;Carpenter, 2009;Allen et al, 2010;Kubo and Ozaki, 2009;Kubo, 2010b;Hutson and Hutson, 2012, 2013Baier and Gatesy, 2013;Grigg and Kirshner, 2015). Several features of our American crocodile trackways clearly are consistent with the results of kinematic analyses of high-walking.…”

Section: Crocodylian Locomotion and Trackway Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crocodylians use different gaits during terrestrial locomotion, and may travel considerable distances overland (von Huene, 1913;Cott, 1961;Zug, 1974;Bustard and Singh, 1977;Parrish, 1987;Frey, 1988, Whitaker andAndrews, 1988;Gatesy, 1991;Richardson et al, 2002;Renous et al, 2002;Campos et al, 2003;Baier and Gatesy, 2013;Grigg and Kirshner, 2015). In this study we will be concerned mainly with the high walk of crocodiles on land, but will offer brief comments about aquatic locomotion as related to possible underwater traces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trackways of the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Northwestern Costa Rica: Implications for Crocodylian Ichnology

Farlow

Robinson

Kumagai

et al. 2017

Ichnos

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Section: Crocodylian Locomotion and Trackway Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trackways of the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Northwestern Costa Rica: Implications for Crocodylian Ichnology

Farlow

Robinson

Kumagai

et al. 2017

Ichnos

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“…Today, bounding locomotion, often called galloping, occasionally occurs in adult Crocodylus johnstoni (Webb and Gans 1982), juvenile Crocodylus niloticus (Cott 1961), and Crocodylus porosus (Zug 1974). The sagittal flexing of the spine and limbs has been described as similar to that of a cheetah at full speed.…”

Section: Paleontological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Endothermic Ancestors of Crocodiles at the Stem of Archosaur Evolution

Seymour¹,

Bennett‐Stamper²,

Johnston³

et al. 2004

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

153

147

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. ABSTRACT Physiological, anatomical, and developmental features of the crocodilian heart support the paleontological evidence that the ancestors of living crocodilians were active and endothermic, but the lineage reverted to ectothermy when it invaded the aquatic, ambush predator niche. In endotherms, there is a functional nexus between high metabolic rates, high blood flow rates, and complete separation of high systemic blood pressure from low pulmonary blood pressure in a four-chambered heart. Ectotherms generally lack all of these characteristics, but crocodilians retain a four-chambered heart. However, crocodilians have a neurally controlled, pulmonary bypass shunt that is functional in diving. Shunting occurs outside of the heart and involves the left aortic arch that originates from the right ventricle, the foramen of Panizza between the left and right aortic arches, and the cog-tooth valve at the base of the pulmonary artery. Developmental studies show that all of these uniquely crocodilian features are secondarily derived, indicating a shift from the complete separation of blood flow of endotherms to the controlled shunting of ectotherms. We present other evidence for endothermy in stem archosaurs and suggest that some dinosaurs may have inherited the trait. The University of Chicago Press

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“…However, living crocodylians exhibit a wider variety of gaits and postures than terrestrial lepidosaurs, including a continuum from bellycrawls to semi-erect postures, bounding and galloping (Cott, 1961;Zug, 1974;Gatesy, 1991;Reilly & Elias, 1998;Renous et al 2002). Movements among deep elements of the shoulder girdle remain particularly elusive and have never been studied in crocodylians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional skeletal kinematics of the shoulder girdle and forelimb in walking Alligator

2013

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Crocodylians occupy a key phylogenetic position for investigations of archosaur locomotor evolution. Compared to the well-studied hindlimb, relatively little is known about the skeletal movements and mechanics of the forelimb. In this study, we employed manual markerless XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction Of Moving Morphology) to measure detailed 3-D kinematics of the shoulder girdle and forelimb bones of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) walking on a treadmill. Digital models of the interclavicle, scapulocoracoid, humerus, radius and ulna were created using a 3-D laser scanner. Models were articulated and aligned to simultaneously recorded frames of fluoroscopic and standard light video to reconstruct and measure joint motion. Joint coordinate systems were established for the coracosternal, glenohumeral and elbow joints. Our analysis revealed that the limb joints only account for about half of fore/aft limb excursion; the remaining excursion results from shoulder girdle movements and lateral bending of the vertebral column. Considerable motion of each scapulocoracoid relative to the vertebral column is consistent with coracosternal mobility. The hemisellar design of the glenohumeral joint permits some additional translation, or sliding in the fore-aft plane, but this movement does not have much of an effect on the distal excursion of the bone.

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Crocodilian Galloping: An Unique Gait for Reptiles

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Trackways of the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Northwestern Costa Rica: Implications for Crocodylian Ichnology

Trackways of the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Northwestern Costa Rica: Implications for Crocodylian Ichnology

Evidence for Endothermic Ancestors of Crocodiles at the Stem of Archosaur Evolution

Three‐dimensional skeletal kinematics of the shoulder girdle and forelimb in walking Alligator

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