“Crocodile” – new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East

Skowronek, Rafaeł; Skowronek, Rafał; Chowaniec, Czesław

doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.660574

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The presence of krokodil was confirmed in Poland, Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden and Norway [2]. It has been first reported in the US in Arizona in 2013 [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

Caldararo¹,

Rad²,

Laborde³

et al. 2018

Int J Case Rep Images

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Introduction: Krokodil use was first reported in siberia in 2002. the drug derives its name from the harms associated with its use, such as ulcerations and discolored necrotic scaled skin which may resemble crocodile skin. It has also been described as "flesh eating", as it finally disrupts the skin leaving the bone and muscle exposed to infections. case report: A 27-year-old female with past medical history of intravenous opioid dependence for 5-6 years and gastroesophageal reflux disease who presented with ulcerations of the posterior aspects of her arms bilaterally. the patient reported injecting krokodil for the past 5-6 months. she had been observing blue and black discoloration of the skin 1-2 days after each injection for the past 4-5 months. the injection site scabbed after 2-3 days. the patient continued injecting in area next to the affected sites. Eventually the affected sites coalesced and evolved into a large scab containing black necrotic tissue. In the last 5-6 days the black necrotic tissue started peeling off made the underlying tissue visible with mild

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“…The presence of krokodil was confirmed in Poland, Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden and Norway [2]. It has been first reported in the US in Arizona in 2013 [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

Caldararo¹,

Rad²,

Laborde³

et al. 2018

Int J Case Rep Images

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“…The effects on the user are similar to that of heroin, although they are reduced from 4-8 hours for heroin to 1 hour for homemade desomorphine. 2 Due to the impure nature of krokodil, phlebitis and gangrene are common. Tissue damage is drastic and it is believed that users' life expectancy is only 2-3 years.…”

Section: ??mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissue damage is drastic and it is believed that users' life expectancy is only 2-3 years. 2 AB, a 19 year old female sex worker, presented after having lived in the United Kingdom for 27 months. She came to the UK illegally from Romania to be with her boyfriend who was already working in the country.…”

Section: ??mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Letter: Homemade heroin substitute causing hallucinations

Lemon¹

2013

Afr. J. Psych

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“…Outro opioide, a codeína, tem também sido utilizada clandestinamente para a síntese da 'desomorfina das ruas' (ou 'dihidrodesoximorfina -D', krokodil (crocodilo) ou 'heroína russa'). 61 A desomorfina tem também efeitos sedativos e analgésicos e é cerca de 8-10 vezes mais potente do que a morfina.…”

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“…A desomorfina é facilmente produzida a partir de codeína, iodo e fósforo vermelho, mas quando feitos através desta forma, é altamente impura e apresenta-se contaminada com vários outros xenobióticos, nomeadamente de resíduos ácidos e alcalinos, derivados do petróleo, óleos industriais, solventes orgânicos, de fósforo vermelho, iodo e metais pesados. 61 Esta mistura provoca isquemia perifé-rica, necrose, flebite e gangrena, muitas vezes secundariamente infetadas, que frequentemente requerem intervenção cirúrgica e até amputações dos membros.…”

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Usos Lícito e Ilícito dos Fármacos

Dinis-Oliveira

2014

Acta Med Port

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Acta Med Port 2014 Nov-Dec;27(6):755-766 RESUMOAs drogas de abuso são um grupo heterogéneo de xenobióticos ou endobióticos que alteram a organização sináptica no sistema nervoso central, de modo transitório ou permanente, conduzindo frequentemente ao consumo da droga de forma compulsiva. O que une os seus membros é o facto de conferirem prazer (hedonismo) a quem consome, nomeadamente por influência no sistema mesolímbico da dopamina. Para exercerem os seus efeitos, as diferentes drogas de abuso vão atuar sobre recetores e transportadores de neurotransmissores, modelando a libertação destes para a fenda sináptica. Além de atuar em neurónios pré-sinápticos, também atuam nos recetores de neurotransmissores e canais iónicos nos neurónios pós-sinápticos, ocorrendo desta forma, uma modificação das vias de sinalização. Nesta revisão é discutido a farmacodinâmica de algumas substâncias psicoativas que são alvo de consumo abusivo em Portugal. Com esta abordagem é também possível uma discussão das drogas de abuso que exibem efeitos toxicológicos tão diversos como estimulantes, depressores e alucinogénios. Nomeadamente é discutido o potencial dos (i.e. depressores do sistema nervoso central, estimulantes, antiparkinsónicos anticolinérgicos, opioides, alucinogénios e dos canabinoides) para desenvolverem adição e dependência, bem como serem alvo de utilizações lícitas e ilícitas. Palavras-chave: Antiparkinsonianos; Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central; Opioides; Antagonistas Colinérgicos; Analgésicos Opioides; Alucinogénios; Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central. ABSTRACTDrugs of abuse are a heterogeneous group of xenobiotics or endobiotics that alter synaptic organization in the central nervous system in a transient or permanent basis, often leading to a compulsively use. What unites its members is that they confer pleasure (hedonism) to the abusers, namely by their action in the mesolimbic dopamine system. To exert its effects, different drugs of abuse will act on receptors and neurotransmitter transporters, modeling neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. Besides acting on presynaptic neurons also function in neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels in postsynaptic neurons, thereby modifying the signaling pathways. In this work, the pharmacodynamic and the potential of some psychoactive substances that are typically subjected to abuse in Portugal, is reviewed. With this approach it was also possible a discussion of drugs of abuse that exhibit very different toxicological effects such as stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens. Particularly, the potential to induce dependence and addition, as well as to undergo illicit and licit uses, of central nervous system depressants, stimulants, anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs, opioids, cannabinoids and hallucinogens, is discussed. Keywords: Antiparkinson Agents; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cholinergic Antagonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Hallucinogens; Central Nervous System Stimulants. INTRODUÇÃOO abuso de drogas e medicamentos continua a ser um important...

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“Crocodile” – new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

Scientific Letter: Homemade heroin substitute causing hallucinations

Usos Lícito e Ilícito dos Fármacos

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