Critical strategies for recycling process of graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review

Liu, Junjie; Shi, Hui; Hu, Xingyu; Geng, Yanni; Yang, Liming; Shao, Ping; Luo, Xubiao

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151621

Cited by 68 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…10 It can also be seen that the capacity of regenerated graphite is higher than that of commercial graphite, which may be because graphite undergoes a large number of charging and discharging cycles before regeneration, resulting in more active sites on its regenerated edges and surfaces, which is favorable for lithium storage. 42 Fig. 9b shows the rate capability of GR, regenerated graphite, and commercial graphite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of anode materials from complex graphite residue in spent lithium-ion battery recycling process

Zhao

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of anode materials from complex graphite residue in spent lithium-ion battery recycling process

Zhao

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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“…Reference [47] used three different methods to remove electrolytes, namely direct thermal treatment, subcritical CO 2 and acetonitrile extraction, and supercritical CO 2 extraction. The results show that 90% of the electrolyte (including conductive salts) can be recovered by extraction with subcritical CO 2 and acetonitrile.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The research shows that the recovered graphite maintains a good crystal structure, and the initial capacity can basically meet the requirements of reuse, but whether the recovered graphite meets the commercial standards depends on the particle size, density, specific surface area, purity, and the first week Coulomb efficiency, charge and discharge of the material, voltage platform, cycle stability and other aspects are comprehensively evaluated. [41] 424.9 62.9 360.8 (100) 100 1.0 PG [44] 359.3 304.1 (100) 84.6 0.2 RG [46] 349.0 88.3 345.0 (50) 98.9 0.1 Subcritical CO 2 (70%) [47] 82.9 (±0.9) 379.9 (±4.4) (50) 0.5…”

Section: Anode Materials For Lithium Ion Energy Storage Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Recycling Process of Batteries for EVs

Abdallah¹,

Dauwed²,

Aly³

et al. 2023

Computers, Materials &Amp; Continua

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The growing number of decarbonization standards in the transportation sector has resulted in an increase in demand for electric cars. Renewable energy sources have the ability to bring the fossil fuel age to an end. Electrochemical storage devices, particularly lithium-ion batteries, are critical for this transition's success. This is owing to a combination of favorable characteristics such as high energy density and minimal self-discharge. Given the environmental degradation caused by hazardous wastes and the scarcity of some resources, recycling used lithium-ion batteries has significant economic and practical importance. Many efforts have been undertaken in recent years to recover cathode materials (such as high-value metals like cobalt, nickel, and lithium). Regrettably, the regeneration of lower-value-added anode materials (mostly graphite) has received little attention. However, given the widespread use of carbon-based materials and the higher concentration of lithium in the anode than in the environment, anode recycling has gotten a lot of attention. As a result, this article provides the most recent research progress in the recovery of graphite anode materials from spent lithium ion batteries, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of various recovery routes such as direct physical recovery, heat treatment recovery, hydrometallurgy recovery, heat treatment-hydrometallurgy recovery, extraction, and electrochemical methods from the perspectives of energy, environment, and economy; additionally, the reuse of recycled anode mats is discussed. Finally, the problems and future possibilities of anode recycling are discussed. To enable the green recycling of wasted lithium ion batteries, a low energy-consuming and ecologically friendly solution should be investigated.

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“…Due to the high consumption of graphite in lithium-ion batteries its recycling could compensate for the shortage of graphite resources in production. At present, two methods for recycling the spent graphite in the pretreatment stage are listed: direct crushing and artificial splitting [ 93 ]. A method to regenerate spent graphite via a combined sulfuric acid curing, leaching and calcination at 1500 °C was also proposed [ 94 ].…”

Section: Recovering the Critical Minerals From Evmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Minerals for Zero-Emission Transportation

Czerwiński

2022

Materials

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Fundamentals of critical minerals and their paramount role in the successful deployment of clean energy technologies in future transportation are assessed along with current global efforts to satisfy the needs of automotive supply chains and environmental concerns. An implementation of large quantities of minerals, in particular metals, into the manufacturing of strategic components of zero-emission vehicles will bring new challenges to energy security. As a result, a reduced dependency on conventional hydrocarbon resources may lead to new and unexpected interdependencies, including dependencies on raw materials. It is concluded that to minimize the impact of a metal-intensive transition to clean transportation, in addition to overcoming challenges with minerals mining and processing, further progress in understanding the properties of critical materials will be required to better correlate them with intended applications, to identify potential substitutions and to optimize their use through the sustainable exploration of their resources and a circular economy.

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Critical strategies for recycling process of graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review

Cited by 68 publications

References 104 publications

Regeneration of anode materials from complex graphite residue in spent lithium-ion battery recycling process

Regeneration of anode materials from complex graphite residue in spent lithium-ion battery recycling process

Industrial Recycling Process of Batteries for EVs

Critical Minerals for Zero-Emission Transportation

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