“…Spacer groups can boost hydrophobic interaction between two hydrophobic tails and diminish the electrostatic repulsion between two charged headgroups, therefore, the aggregation behavior of gemini surfactants can be efficiently adjusted by regulating the spacer groups. Extensive studies have revealed that the nature of spacer including chemical composition, flexibility, hydrophobicity, and chain length, and so on, strongly influences the surface activity and aggregation behavior of gemini surfactants (Alami et al, 1993;Bai et al, 2001a;Chauhan et al, 2015;Danino et al, 1995;Fernandes et al, 2017;Frindi et al, 1994;Grosmaire et al, 2002;Hirata et al, 1995;Li et al, 2017;Lin et al, 2013;Pisár cik et al, 2016;Sun et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2004;Xiang et al, 2017;Zana et al, 1991;Zhang et al, 2013;Zhu et al, 2012).…”