Critical Review of Human Isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis

Matsumoto, T.; Padhye, A. A.; Ajello, Libero; Standard, P G; McGinnis, M. R.

doi:10.2307/3793099

Cited by 58 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Notably, species able to cause disseminated mycoses are more active producers than species which remain superficial (79). Exophiala dermatitidis, when disseminated, shows marked neurotropism (33). This may be caused by a slightly higher level of free iron in the central nervous system than in serum.…”

Section: Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinically, phaeohyphomycoses range from superficial colonization to systemic abscess formation and dissemination (32). Two more histopathological types are recognized, viz., chromoblastomycosis and black-grain mycetoma, characterized by spherical, cruciately septate "muriform cells" (33) and multicellular grains (33), respectively, and being invariably cutaneous and subcutaneous (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Characteristics Of Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relatives: Principles of Pathogenesis and Host Defense

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY Among the melanized fungi, the so-called “black yeasts” and their filamentous relatives are particularly significant as agents of severe phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma in humans and animals. The pathogenicity and virulence of these fungi may differ significantly between closely related species. The factors which probably are of significance for pathogenicity include the presence of melanin and carotene, formation of thick cell walls and meristematic growth, presence of yeast-like phases, thermo- and perhaps also osmotolerance, adhesion, hydrophobicity, assimilation of aromatic hydrocarbons, and production of siderophores. Host defense has been shown to rely mainly on the ingestion and elimination of fungal cells by cells of the innate immune system, especially neutrophils and macrophages. However, there is increasing evidence supporting a role of T-cell-mediated immune responses, with increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and low levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) being deleterious during the infection. There are no standardized therapies for treatment. It is therefore important to obtain in vitro susceptibilities of individual patients' fungal isolates in order to provide useful information for selection of appropriate treatment protocols. This article discusses the pathogenesis and host defense factors for these fungi and their severity, chronicity, and subsequent impact on treatment and prevention of diseases in human or animal hosts.

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Section: Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relatives: Principles of Pathogenesis and Host Defense

et al. 2014

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“…For example, E. dermatitidis has been shown to cause central nervous system infections in immunocompetent individuals in Asia and cutaneous and subcutaneous infections in immunocompromised individuals, as well as catheter-associated fungemia, endocarditis, lymphadenitis, peritonitis, and pneumonia and both invasive disease and colonization of the airways of cystic fibrosis patients (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). Other species that are associated with cutaneous and subcutaneous infections include E. xenobiotica, which was the most frequently detected black yeast from cutaneous sources in one report (3), and E. oligosperma (3,5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The isolate was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Pronadisa, Spain), malt extract agar (MEA) (30 g of malt extract, 5 g of peptone, 15 g of agar, 1 liter of distilled water), and oatmeal agar (OA) (30 g of filtered oat flakes, 20 g of agar), and colony features and growth rates were determined at 7, 14, and 28 days of incubation at different temperatures (5,15,25,35,37, and 40°C). Color notations used in the descriptions were from Kornerup and Wanscher (13).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Exophiala polymorpha sp. nov. Isolated from Sporotrichoid Lymphocutaneous Lesions in a Patient with Myasthenia Gravis

et al. 2015

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c Exophiala species are capable of causing cutaneous and subcutaneous infections in immunocompromised patients. An Exophiala isolate was cultured from a biopsy specimen of a lesion on the forearm of a patient with myasthenia gravis. The patient also had lesions on the palm and distal aspects of the hand, which were successfully treated with a long-term course of itraconazole. A detailed morphological and molecular characterization of the isolate was undertaken. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and portions of the ␤-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes indicated that the isolate was a novel species closely related to but genetically distinct from species within the Exophiala spinifera clade; the name Exophiala polymorpha sp. nov. is proposed. Morphologically, E. polymorpha most closely resembles E. xenobiotica but it differs in possessing phialides bearing prominent, wide collarettes, and it does not produce chlamydospores. E xophiala species are phaeoid, conidial fungi that are widely distributed in decaying wood, soil, plants, and water. They are capable of causing phaeohyphomycosis, including localized infections following traumatic implantation to disseminated disease (1, 2). Although cutaneous/subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis incited by Exophiala species is relatively uncommon, several species of black yeasts identified by molecular means have been reported as etiologic agents. In the largest study to date in which 188 clinical isolates were characterized by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and phenotypic features (3), 38.3% and 0.5% of the study isolates were from cutaneous and superficial sites, respectively. Subcutaneous isolates represented 12% of the strains and included Exophiala bergeri, E. dermatitidis, E. jeanselmei, E. lecanii-corni, E. mesophila, E oligosperma, E. phaeomuriformis, E. spinifera, and E. xenobiotica. While limited clinical information precluded documentation of these isolates as etiologic agents, their recovery and characterization highlighted the diversity of species seen in the clinical setting. A sampling of literature reports shows some of the same species seen in the above study, including E. oligosperma as an agent of olecranon bursitis (4), disseminated subcutaneous disease in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (5), and a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis (6), multiple reports of E. spinifera cutaneous/subcutaneous disease (7,8), and E. xenobiotica in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (9). We report here subcutaneous sporotrichoid lesions by Exophiala polymorpha, sp. nov. in a patient with myasthenia gravis. CASE REPORTThe patient is a 68-year-old African-American woman who complained of a right palmar painless nodule of about 6 months' duration prior to presentation. She reported that the lesion started like a callus in the middle of her right palm. This lesion gradually enlarged, and she started having sporotrichoid nodular lesions developing on the dorsum of her hand, wrist, forearm, and antecubita...

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“…A critical review of the clinical histories, histopathologic observations, and mycologic examination of the isolates showed that 21 of the isolates had been correctly identified as W. dermatitidis. Of the remaining five isolates, originally considered to be W. dermatitidis, two proved to be Exophiala jeanselmei, two E. moniliae, and one Fonsecaea pedrosoi [10].Since Exophiala moniliae has not been commonly encountered as a pathogen and has been described only once as an etiologic agent of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, in Australia [16], we thought these two cases from Japan merited reporting in detail. …”

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confidence: 95%

Phaeohyphomycosis caused byExophiala moniliae

et al. 1984

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We studied two cases of phaeohyphomycosis that occurred in Japan. Histopathologic examination of biopsy material showed the presence of dematiaceous catenulate fungal cells and mycelium characteristic of phaeohyphomycosis. In detailed mycologic study of the two cultures isolated from the patients we found that both formed conidiogenous cells with proximal swellings with long, neck-like extensions bearing distinct annellations and clusters of conidia at their apices. The isolates were identified as Exophiala rnoniliae de Hoog. These two Japanese cases are the second and third known cases of phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. moniliae and the first recorded in that country.In a recent study, we critically reviewed the known world-wide infections described in the literature that were caused by Wangiella dermatitidis. Twenty-six clinical isolates that had been described and identified as W. dermatitidis, or its various synonyms, were obtained for study, 21 from Japan, three from the United States, and two from Taiwan. A critical review of the clinical histories, histopathologic observations, and mycologic examination of the isolates showed that 21 of the isolates had been correctly identified as W. dermatitidis. Of the remaining five isolates, originally considered to be W. dermatitidis, two proved to be Exophiala jeanselmei, two E. moniliae, and one Fonsecaea pedrosoi [10].Since Exophiala moniliae has not been commonly encountered as a pathogen and has been described only once as an etiologic agent of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, in Australia [16], we thought these two cases from Japan merited reporting in detail. CLINICAL HISTORIES Case IA 9-year-old girl living in Nagasaki on Kyushu Island, Japan, visited a dermatologist in February, 1970, because of a slow-growing submandibular lesion. The lesion *Permanent address:

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Critical Review of Human Isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relatives: Principles of Pathogenesis and Host Defense

Black Yeasts and Their Filamentous Relatives: Principles of Pathogenesis and Host Defense

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Exophiala polymorpha sp. nov. Isolated from Sporotrichoid Lymphocutaneous Lesions in a Patient with Myasthenia Gravis

Phaeohyphomycosis caused byExophiala moniliae

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