Critical Review of Emerging Pre‐metallization Technologies for Rechargeable Metal‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Low Coulombic efficiency, low‐capacity retention, and short cycle life are the primary challenges faced by various metal‐ion batteries due to the loss of corresponding active metal. Practically, these issues can be significantly ameliorated by compensating for the loss of active metals using pre‐metallization techniques. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art development in various pr‐emetallization techniques is summarized. First, the origin of pre‐metallization is elaborated and the Coulombic efficiency of different battery materials is compared. Second, different pre‐metallization strategies, including direct physical contact, chemical strategies, electrochemical method, overmetallized approach, and the use of electrode additives are summarized. Third, the impact of pre‐metallization on batteries, along with its role in improving Coulombic efficiency is discussed. Fourth, the various characterization techniques required for mechanistic studies in this field are outlined, from laboratory‐level experiments to large scientific device. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of pre‐metallization technology in improving Coulombic efficiency and cycle stability for various metal‐ion batteries are discussed. In particular, the positive influence of pre‐metallization reagents is emphasized in the anode‐free battery systems. It is envisioned that this review will inspire the development of high‐performance energy storage systems via the effective pre‐metallization technologies.