Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling the Wrong Pollutants?

Landwehr, Katherine R.; Larcombe, Alexander N.; Reid, Alison; Mullins, Benjamin J.

doi:10.1007/s12403-020-00379-0

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Linear mixed models were used to analyze the average changes in the selected outcomes at given exposure scenarios versus changes at FA exposure. Subject ID, the exposure scenarios and time points [ 1 – 4 ] were used to identify repeated measurements with repeated covariance type as Autoregressive. All models included a random slope, allowing the effects of exposures to vary for each individual.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to petroleum diesel engine exhaust is known to cause adverse health effects [ 1 – 4 ], and since 2012, diesel engine exhaust has been classified as carcinogenic to humans [ 5 ]. Several human exposure studies have linked diesel exposure to acute health effects, among them short-term reduced lung function [ 6 – 10 ], airway inflammatory responses [ 10 – 13 ], irritation symptoms [ 6 , 7 , 14 , 15 ], and cardiovascular effects [ 16 – 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence use of aftertreatment systems should reduce exposure to such emissions and their associated health effects. However, a recent review assessing the effects of DPFs’ use on health impacts in occupational settings did not present conclusive results [ 1 ]. It is thus of interest to investigate the health impact from vehicles with different degrees of emission reduction technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

et al. 2022

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Background Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h in a chamber with a double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust from two modern non-road vehicles with 1) no aftertreatment system (‘HVOPM+NOx’ PM1: 93 µg m−3, EC: 54 µg m−3, NO: 3.4 ppm, NO2: 0.6 ppm), 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (‘HVONOx’ PM1: ~ 1 µg m−3, NO: 2.0 ppm, NO2: 0.7 ppm) and 3) filtered air (FA) as control. The exposure concentrations were in line with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO2, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the future OEL (2023) of elemental carbon (EC). The effect on nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed. Calculated predicted lung deposition of HVO exhaust particles was compared to data from an earlier diesel exhaust study. Results The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 during HVOPM+NOx was 27 µg h−1. The estimated deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40–50% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle (earlier study), due to smaller particle sizes of the HVOPM+NOx exhaust. Compared to FA, exposure to HVOPM+NOx and HVONOx caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA, p < 0.03). Especially, exposure to HVOPM+NOx showed 40–50% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to FA, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVONOx exposures (− 18.1, 95% CI: − 27.3 to − 8.8 L min−1, p < 0.001), and for the HVOPM+NOx (− 7.4 (− 15.6 to 0.8) L min−1, p = 0.08). Overall, no clinically significant change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique). Conclusion Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust concentrations corresponding to EU OELs for one workday did not cause adverse pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after both HVO exposures, may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles, with and without aftertreatment systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

et al. 2022

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“…In this study we also used linear regression to analyze the effect of the different components and found that exhaust gases were significantly correlated with various toxicological results, suggesting that the exhaust gases are crucial for analyzing the toxicity of exhaust exposures. This is absolutely something that must be kept in mind for future studies as the majority of diesel and biodiesel exhaust toxicity literature tends to focus on particulate matter alone [11] , [12] , [13] .…”

Section: Additional Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro primary human airway epithelial whole exhaust exposure

et al. 2021

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The method outlined in this article is a customization of the whole exhaust exposure method generated by Mullins et al. (2016) using reprogrammed primary human airway epithelial cells as described by Martinovich et al. (2017). It has been used successfully to generate recently published data (Landwehr et al. 2021). The goal was to generate an exhaust exposure model where exhaust is collected from a modern engine, real-world exhaust concentrations are used and relevant tissues exposed to assess the effects of multiple biodiesel exposures. Exhaust was generated, gently vacuumed into a dilution chamber where it was diluted 1/15 with air and then vacuumed into an incubator containing the primary cell cultures for exposure. Exhaust physico-chemical properties including combustion gas concentrations and particle spectra were then analyzed using a combustion gas analyzer and a Universal Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. 24 h after exposure, cellular viability and mediator release were measured using Annexin-V/PI staining and meditator multiplexing kits respectively. This method was generated to test biodiesel exhaust exposures but can be easily adapted for any type of engine exhaust exposure or even potentially other respirable environmental exposures such as woodsmoke. The main customization points for this method are: Exhaust generated by a diesel engine equipped with EURO VI exhaust after treatment devices including diesel particulate filter and diesel oxidation catalyst. The generated exhaust was diluted 1/15 with air to replicate real world exposure concentrations. Used primary human airway epithelial cells obtained from bronchoscope brushings from multiple volunteers and reprogrammed to allow multiple, comparative exposures from the same individual.

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“…Hence use of aftertreatment systems should reduce exposure to such emissions and their associated health effects. However, a recent review assessing the effects of DPFs' use on health impacts in occupational settings did not present conclusive results (34). It is thus of interest to investigate the health impact from vehicles with different degrees of emission reduction technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Renewable Diesel Exhaust on Lung Function and Self-rated Symptoms for Healthy Volunteers in a Human Chamber Exposure Study 

Gren

Dierschke

Mattsson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust on human health is less known. In this study, nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed in 19 healthy volunteers after two separate 3-hour exposures to renewable diesel (hydrotreated vegetable oil [HVO]) exhaust, and exposure to filtered air (FA) for comparison. The HVO exposures were generated with two modern non-road vehicles (2019) having either: 1) no aftertreatment system (HVOPM+NOx), or 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (HVONOx). The exposure concentrations complied with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO2, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and future OELs of elemental carbon (EC) from 2023. Results: Exposure to HVOPM+NOx consisted of PM1 (≈90 µg m-3, 54 µg m-3 EC) and NOx (NO 3.4 ppm, NO2 0.6 ppm). The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 was 27 µg h-1. The deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40-50% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle, due to smaller particle sizes of the HVOPM+NOx exhaust. Exposure to HVONOx consisted mainly of NOx (NO 2.0 ppm, NO2 0.7 ppm) with low level of PM1 (~1 µg m-3). Compared to filtered air, exposure to HVOPM+NOx and HVONOx caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA, p<0.03). Especially, exposure to HVOPM+NOx showed 40-50% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to filtered air, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVONOx exposures (-18.1, 95%CI: -27.3 to -8.8 L min-1), and for the HVOPM+NOx (-7.4 (-15.6 to 0.8) L min-1). Overall, no change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique), except a slight increase in FEV1/FVC after exposure to HVONOx.Conclusion: Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust below the EU OELs did not cause severe pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after two HVO exposures may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles below future OELs.

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Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling the Wrong Pollutants?

Cited by 16 publications

References 104 publications

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

In Vitro primary human airway epithelial whole exhaust exposure

Effects of Renewable Diesel Exhaust on Lung Function and Self-rated Symptoms for Healthy Volunteers in a Human Chamber Exposure Study

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Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling the Wrong Pollutants?

Cited by 16 publications

References 104 publications

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

In Vitro primary human airway epithelial whole exhaust exposure

Effects of Renewable Diesel Exhaust on Lung Function and Self-rated Symptoms for Healthy Volunteers in a Human Chamber Exposure Study&nbsp;

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Product

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Effects of Renewable Diesel Exhaust on Lung Function and Self-rated Symptoms for Healthy Volunteers in a Human Chamber Exposure Study