Critical Need for a Swingby Return Option for Early Manned Mars Missions

Fast Mars Free-Returns via Venus Gravity Assist

“…In the last several decades, there have been many trajectory designs for human missions to Mars. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]24 Despite this effort to show the way to Mars, humans have yet to stand on the surface of the red planet, and it remains a long-term goal of the US and several other nations.…”

Transmission of galactic cosmic rays through Mars atmosphere

“…Exposures of interplanetary crews on missions beyond low‐Earth orbit have been the subject of various studies over the past several decades. A representative listing of these studies are presented in the references [ Baker et al , 2007; Cucinotta and Durante , 2006; Hoff et al , 2002, 2004; Kim et al , 2007, 2009; Lyne and Townsend , 1998; Parsons and Townsend , 2000; Saganti et al , 2004; Shinn et al , 1994; Simonsen et al , 1990, 1991; Townsend et al , 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2006; Townsend , 2005; Zapp et al , 2002]. The main objective of the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Exposure Module (EMMREM) framework is to provide researchers with the capability to characterize time‐dependent radiation exposures in the Earth‐Moon‐Mars and interplanetary space environments.…”

Applications of radiation belt research

“…[2] Exposures of interplanetary crews on missions beyond low-Earth orbit have been the subject of various studies over the past several decades. A representative listing of these studies are presented in the references [Baker et al, 2007;Cucinotta and Durante, 2006;Hoff et al, 2002Hoff et al, , 2004Kim et al, 2007Kim et al, , 2009Lyne and Townsend, 1998;Parsons and Townsend, 2000;Saganti et al, 2004;Shinn et al, 1994;Simonsen et al, 1990Simonsen et al, , 1991Townsend et al, , 1991Townsend et al, , 1992Townsend et al, , 1994Townsend et al, , 2006Townsend, 2005;Zapp et al, 2002]. The main objective of the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Exposure Module (EMMREM) framework is to provide researchers with the capability to characterize time-dependent radiation exposures in the Earth-Moon-Mars and interplanetary space environments.…”