“…Moreover, transition models (including IAMs and others) are usually "materials blind" too (Michaux, 2021c), in disregarding the physical requirements of materials, the dynamics of mobilization, as well as social implications. Studies on raw material demand induced by the energy transition take pathways as exogenous inputs, and usually analyse the demand for selected years only, e. g., 2050 or 2100 (Kullmann et al, 2021;UBA, 2019;Visser, 2019;Zepf et al, 2014;IRENA, 2022;World Bank, 2020;de Koning et al, 2018;Moreau et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2023;Rinaldi et al, 2023;Xu et al, 2022). As with energy, material investments for building RE infrastructure can have a critical influence on the dynamics of the transition.…”