Critical Level of Manganese in Soil and Leaves: It’s Relationship to Fruit Quality of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is one of the essential micronutrients that plays a crucial role in plants' growth and development and is also considered a limiting factor for crop production. This study aimed to determine the critical level of Mn in soil and leaves for improving the quality of mangosteen fruit. The research was conducted in 2015 in several mangosteen production centers, including West Sumatra (Simalanggang and Banja Laweh), West Java (Karacak and Barengkok), Bali (Belimbing and Selamadeg). A well-maintained of fifteen to twenty years old mangosteen plants were used with uniform soil fertility. Purposive random sampling is conducted in each location to select ten plants from each site. Soil samples are taken from under the plant canopy around 0-30 cm in depth at the four cardinal directions. The terminal leaves that collected from the middle part of the plant canopy are used as the leaf samples. Physiological ripe fruits are taken after ripening with index 3-4. The parameters observed consist of (1) soil pH of H2O, Ca, Mg, Mn-available, (2) levels of Mn, Ca, Mg, and K in the leaves, (3) fruit quality (fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit skin thickness, aryl weight, seed weight). The results showed the Mn content in the soil ranged from 18.89 to 33.63 ppm. Available Mn is negatively affected by pH, Ca, and Mg exchangeability. Soil Mn is linearly related to leaf Mn with R2 0.76. The critical values of Mn in leaf and soil for mangosteen plants in Indonesia were 425 ppm and 22 to 24 ppm, respectively.

Soil Characteristics Interrelationship with Treated Soil Micronutrients in Nigerian Southern

“…Thus, the obtained levels of Mn in the studied farms may not pose a serious risk to the soil and plants cultivated. The strong negative correlations displayed by Mn for the soil pH and Zn is an indication of the significant negative influence of these parameters on Mn in these farms [64,65,66]. Zinc (Zn) in the studied agricultural soils varied between 6.89 and 9.54 mgkg -1 at Nsit Ubium and Ibesikpo Asutan farms, respectively (Table 2).…”