Critical issues and current status of vanadium alloys for fusion energy applications

Kurtz, Richard J.; Abe, Katsunori; Чернов, В. М.; Казаков, В. А.; Lucas, G.E.; Matsui, Hideki; Muroga, T.; Odette, G.R.; Smith, D.L.; Zinkle, S.J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(00)00351-2

Cited by 117 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Vanadium alloys are susceptible to environmental embrittlement by oxygen and hydrogen, and to low temperature radiation embrittlement. [6][7][8][9] SiC composites have limitations typically associated with ceramics of fabrication and lack of engineering design data. 10 Ferritic steels are limited in temperature (≈550 • C) due to creep strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation Behavior of ODS Fe?Cr Alloys

Pint

Wright

2005

Oxid Met

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation Behavior of ODS Fe?Cr Alloys

Pint

Wright

2005

Oxid Met

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] It has been found that Ti in this alloy segregates to the surface under various conditions. 8,9) Hirohata et al 9) examined the influence of such surface modification on hydrogen absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] In addition, the compatibility of V alloys with liquid Li is excellent, and hence the concept of self-cooled liquid Li blanket system has been developed. 6) In this system, tritium permeation through V alloys is not taken into account as a critical issue because the leakage of tritium from Li through V alloys is small owing to the higher solubility of tritium in Li than in V alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Segregation of Ti in a V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy and Its Influence on the Surface Reaction Rates of Hydrogen Isotopes

et al. 2005

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The change in the chemical surface state of a V-4Cr-4Ti alloy after heat treatments in vacuum at temperatures from 573 to 1273 K was investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Before heating, the surface of the as-polished alloy was covered with a V oxide film. Diffusion of oxygen into the bulk started at around 673 K, and the alloy surface gradually became metallic. Oxygen, however, did not disappear from the surface completely. Surface segregation of Ti was observed as the temperature increased. The concentration of Ti reached 20 at% at 1273 K. No significant segregation of Cr or other impurities were observed. This surface segregation of Ti significantly reduced the surface reaction rates of H 2 and D 2 . The isotope effect on the surface reaction rates of H 2 and D 2 was not observed under the present experimental conditions.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] In terms of corrosion and compatibility, each has their limitations, 1,6-8 but vanadium alloys remain an attractive option because of their low induced radioactivity, radiation resistance and compatibility with Li at high temperatures. Some speculative reactor designs involve vanadium alloys in high temperature environments such as vacuum or helium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Oxygen Uptake and Scale Formation on the Embrittlement of Vanadium Alloys

Pint

DiStefano

2005

Oxid Met

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Vanadium alloys are of interest in fusion energy systems, however, their environmental durability is a major concern. Specimens of V-4Cr-4Ti were exposed to air and oxygen (10 5 Pa), low pressure (10 −3 −10 −6 Pa) oxygen and high purity He environments (10 5 −10 1 Pa) at 500−700 • C in order to characterize the surface oxide, determine oxidation kinetics and quantify effects on mechanical properties at 25 and 600 • C. At low oxygen pressures (P O 2 10 −5 Pa), linear reaction kinetics were measured for exposures up to 2000 hr and the data were used to develop a mathematical expression for the oxidation rate as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. At higher pressures, linear-parabolic reaction kinetics were associated with high oxygen uptake and the formation of an external oxide layer. Room-temperature and 600 • C tensile ductility was reduced by these exposures, but specimens which formed an external oxide were found to retain some tensile ductility after exposure. However, similar specimens with an external oxide that were subsequently annealed for 2000 hr at 700 • C became severely embrittled demonstrating that a surface oxide will not prevent degradation of this refractory alloy. Exposures in He were performed to determine the effect of total gas pressure on oxygen uptake.

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Critical issues and current status of vanadium alloys for fusion energy applications

Cited by 117 publications

References 26 publications

Oxidation Behavior of ODS Fe?Cr Alloys

Oxidation Behavior of ODS Fe?Cr Alloys

Surface Segregation of Ti in a V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy and Its Influence on the Surface Reaction Rates of Hydrogen Isotopes

The Role of Oxygen Uptake and Scale Formation on the Embrittlement of Vanadium Alloys

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