Critical degree of saturation: A control factor of freeze–thaw damage of porous limestones at Castle of Chambord, France

Analysis of Effects of Rock Physical Properties Changes from Freeze-Thaw Weathering in Ny-Ålesund Region: Part 1—Experimental Study

“…Between April and August, the Sun does not set, and between November and January, the Sun does not rise. The reason for analysing this meteorological data is because the change in air temperature is the most important factor increasing physical and mechanical damages to rocks due to freeze-thaw cycles [31].…”

“…Alternatively, the number of freeze-thaw cycles can be counted by assuming that rocks only freeze when the mean daily temperature is below -3 • C and only thaw when the mean daily temperature is above +1 • C [33]. However, recently, a method has been introduced in which meteorological data is used to analyse the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, and to count the number of freeze-thaw cycles where the temperature goes from above to below 0 • C or below to above 0 • C [31].…”

“…In the present study, we used meteorological measurement data to identify cycles in which condensation occurred inside the rocks (the temperature inside the rocks became 0 • C) [31]. We analysed the daily freeze-thaw cycles in terms of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures between 2012 and 2017 and found that freeze-thaw cycles in terms of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures occurred on around 33-62 cycles per year ( Figure 3).…”

“…In the freeze-thaw process for rocks, the surface of the rock freezes (or thaws) when the minimum and maximum daily temperatures alternate from above to below zero (or below to above zero). Therefore, based on the method proposed by Al-Omari et al [31], we defined one freeze-thaw cycle of the rock surface as the process of the minimum and maximum daily temperature changing from below to above zero or above to below zero. However, freeze-thaw cycles of rock may different from that in terms of daily air temperature.…”

Uniaxial Compression Fractal Damage Constitutive Model of Rock Subjected to Freezing and Thawing

“…[11], Lemaitre [12], Zhang et al [13], Farhidzadeh et al [14] described the damage of materials by using parameters such as elastic modulus, wave velocity, density, strain, CT number and fractal dimension. Chen et al [15], Zhou et al [16], Al-Omari et al [17] and others conducted freeze-thaw experiments on different rocks and explored the effects of different freezing and thawing conditions on rock damage. Park et al [18],Yang et al [19], Gao et al [20], and Zhou et al [21] used CT scanning technology, nuclear magnetic resonance technology, scanning electron microscope and other detection methods to study the degradation mechanism of different rocks under freezing and thawing conditions, and analyzed the freeze-thaw failure mechanism of the rock.…”