“…Meanwhile, some novel processes have also been presented to realize lightweight, such as mechanical clinching (MC) [6,7], hole-clinching [8,9], self-pierce riveting (SPR) [10,11], shear clinching [12], friction stir welding (FSW) [13], and friction riveting (FR) [14]. In terms of material lightweight, many light materials are used, like aluminium [6,15], titanium [14,16], magnesium [13,17], and fiber-reinforced plastic (such as CFRP and GFRP) [8,10]. In the automotive industry, the body-in-white is developing from an all-steel body to a multi-material hybrid body, such as steel-aluminium hybrid and light alloy-composite hybrid.…”