Critical assessment of hexavalent chromium species from different solid environmental, industrial and food matrices

Hexavalent chromium in tattoo inks: Dermal exposure and systemic risk

“…For elution of the Cr species, anion exchange chromatography was used with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (0.25 M) + NH 4 OH (0.1 M) as the mobile phase at a constant flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Figure A shows the separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water, and Figure B shows the same separation in AES; the absence of Cr(III) in AES confirmed that, in the presence of a strong alkaline environment, Cr(III) remained in the solid phase . The accuracy of the EPA 3060A method was evaluated by analysing 2 different recovery samples produced in the laboratory.…”

“…Figure 1A shows the separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water, and Figure 1B shows the same separation in AES; the absence of Cr(III) in AES confirmed that, in the presence of a strong alkaline environment, Cr(III) remained in the solid phase. 17 The accuracy of the EPA 3060A method was evaluated by analysing 2 different recovery samples produced in the laboratory. The first sample was prepared by adding the soil-based NIST SRM 2701 with a certified content of Cr(VI) to a face powder cosmetic sample.…”

“…The recommended limit applies to Cr(VI) and not to the tCr level, and this means that analytical methods should allow the speciation of Cr, that is, the separation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), which does not always apply to information about the Cr levels in products. The speciation analysis of Cr is a challenging task that requires high‐quality methodology, mainly with respect to the stability of Cr species (in particular, avoiding the conversion between Cr[VI] and Cr[III]) during sample extraction . At present, the lack of an analytical method to determine Cr(VI) in tattoo inks, at the very low level recommended by ResAP(2008)1, permits ResAP(2008)1 to be bypassed simply by a false declaration that is just not detectable .…”

“…The speciation analysis of Cr is a challenging task that requires high-quality methodology, mainly with respect to the stability of Cr species (in particular, avoiding the conversion between Cr[VI] and Cr[III]) during sample extraction. 17 At present, the lack of an analytical method to determine Cr(VI) in tattoo inks, at the very low level recommended by ResAP(2008)1, permits ResAP(2008)1 to be bypassed simply by a false declaration that is just not detectable. 18 Because of this, a sensitive, specific and accurate analytical method was developed in this study to determine Cr(VI) levels in tattoo inks, based on a first alkaline extraction step followed by ion chromatographic (IC) separation and on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).…”

Analysis of Hazardous Elements in Children Toys: Multi-Elemental Determination by Chromatography and Spectrometry Methods

“…As the chromium species content in such samples is rather low, the coupling of liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS) is a most often used technique, which is based on the combination of a separation method with an element-selective detection system [ 28 ]. Anion exchange columns and columns, which have both anion and cation exchange capabilities, are especially used for chromium speciation analysis [ 29 ]. High Performance Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) is often used in analyses of different environmental matrices such as natural water, soils, sediments, etc.…”