“…In the proposed case, we address universities' third mission systems, that is, those systems through which universities co-create knowledge-based value by interacting with the external environment (the other two missions of universities consist in co-creating value with the students and the scholarly community: teaching and research, respectively) (Fuster, Padilla-Meléndez, Lockett, & Del-Águila-Obra, 2019;Sánchez-Barrioluengo & Benneworth, 2019;Secundo, Elena Perez, Martinaitis, & Leitner, 2017). This case is particularly interesting because the identification of key variables/indicators and cause-effect relationships is typically controversial in university ecosystems (De Bernardi, Azucar, Forliano, & Bertello, 2020;Garcia-Perez-de-Lema, Madrid-Guijarro, & Martin, 2017;Gür, Oylumlu, & Kunday, 2017;Kapetaniou & Lee, 2017;Mejlgaard & Ryan, 2017;Montesinos, Carot, Martinez, & Mora, 2008).…”