Critical appraisal of the estimation of body composition via two-, three-, and four-compartment models

Withers, R. T.; LaForgia, Joe; Heymsfield, S. B.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1999)11:2<175::aid-ajhb5>3.0.co;2-c

Cited by 65 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A worst case scenario for this propagation of error can be calculated by assuming that the three measurements are made independently and are normally distributed. The propagated error is then equal to the square root of the sum of the error variances (Taylor, 1982): SD of total error TEM 2 TEM 2 TEM 2 p Our propagated error approximates 0.7 %BF (Withers et al, 1999). This is considerably less than that of 3.8 %BF for the two-compartment hydrodensitometric model (Siri, 1961), which is due to biological variability in the FFM density.…”

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Three-and four-compartment body composition models The assumptions, derivations and formulae for these models have been outlined previously (Withers et al, 1998(Withers et al, , 1999.…”

Section: Total Body Water (Tbw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extra accuracy of the four-compartment model compared with the two-compartment model therefore appears not to be offset by the propagation of measurement error. Nevertheless, there is still concern about some of the assumptions which are made when estimating body composition via the four-compartment model (Withers et al, 1999).…”

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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Objective: To determine anthropometric and body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Design: There was an attempt to match subjects in the control and experimental groups for height and percentage body fat (%BF) for the initial test of this longitudinal study. Subjects: Five competitive bodybuilders (X AE s.d.: 35.3 AE 5.7 y; 167.3 AE 3.7 cm; 66.38 AE 6.30 kg; 18.3 AE 3.5 %BF) and ®ve athletic females (X AE s.d.: 30.9AE 13.0 y; 166.9 AE 3.9 cm; 55.94 AE 3.59 kg; 19.1 AE 3.3 %BF) were recruited from advertisements in a bodybuilding newsletter and placed on sports centre noticeboards. Interventions: The following measurements were conducted 12 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 ± 5 d before the bodybuilders' competitions: anthropometric pro®le, body density by underwater weighing, total body water via deuterium dilution and bone mineral mass from a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. A combination of the last three measurements enabled the %BF to the determined by a four compartment model. Results: A signi®cant (P 0.001) 5.80 kg body mass loss by the bodybuilders as they prepared for competition was primarily due to a reduction in fat mass (FM; À4.42 kg; 76.2%) as opposed to fat-free mass (FFM; À1.38 kg; 23.8%). The decreases in body mass and FM over the ®nal 6 weeks were greater than those over the ®rst 6 weeks. Their %BF decreased (P`0.001) from 18.3 to 12.7, whereas the values for the control group remained essentially unchanged at 19.1 ± 19.6 %BF. These body composition changes by the bodybuilders were accompanied by a signi®cant decline (P`0.001) of 25.5 mm (76.3 ± 50.8 mm) in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (triceps subscapular biceps iliac crest supraspinale abdominal front thigh medial calf). Conclusions: Although the bodybuilders presented with low %BFs at the start of the experiment, they still signi®cantly decreased their body mass during the 12 week preparation for competition and most of this loss was due to a reduction in FM as opposed to FFM. Sponsorship: Australian Research Council (small grants scheme). Descriptors: four-compartment body composition model; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; somatotype

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Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Three-and four-compartment body composition models The assumptions, derivations and formulae for these models have been outlined previously (Withers et al, 1998(Withers et al, , 1999.…”

Section: Total Body Water (Tbw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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“…This may be partly due to differences in the methods used for body composition analysis. Most authors have used a 2-compartment (2C) model that is based on certain assumptions, for example, constant densities of fat mass (FM) and FFM (densitometry) or a fixed hydration and mineral content of FFM (isotope dilution) (Withers et al, 1999). As biological variability in water and mineral content of FFM is high (Withers et al, 1999), this violates the assumptions of the 2C-model and leads to inaccuracies in FFM estimation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most authors have used a 2-compartment (2C) model that is based on certain assumptions, for example, constant densities of fat mass (FM) and FFM (densitometry) or a fixed hydration and mineral content of FFM (isotope dilution) (Withers et al, 1999). As biological variability in water and mineral content of FFM is high (Withers et al, 1999), this violates the assumptions of the 2C-model and leads to inaccuracies in FFM estimation. In addition, intersubject variability in the ratio of extracellular solids (or the related bone mineral content (BMC)) to total body water (TBW) adds to this bias (Wang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of methods used in body composition analysis on the prediction of resting energy expenditure

et al. 2006

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Objective: There are considerable differences in published prediction algorithms for resting energy expenditure (REE) based on fat-free mass (FFM). The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the methodology of body composition analysis on the prediction of REE from FFM. Design: In a cross-sectional design measurements of REE and body composition were performed. . In a normal range of FFM, REE predicted from FFM by different methods showed only small differences. The variance in REE explained by FFM varied from 69% (FFM BIA ) to 75% (FFM DXA ) and was only 46% for body weight. Conclusion: Differences in slopes and intercepts of the regression lines between REE and FFM depended on the methods used for body composition analysis. However, the differences in prediction of REE are small and do not explain the large differences in the results obtained from published FFM-based REE prediction equations and therefore imply a population-and/or investigator specificity of algorithms for REE prediction.

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Improved rig for dynamically calibrating skinfold calipers: Comparison between Harpenden and Slim Guide instruments

Hewitt

Withers

Brooks

et al. 2002

American J Hum Biol

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This article describes an improved rig for the dynamic calibration of skinfold calipers. The new unit is 5% lighter and almost 60% smaller than its predecessor (Carlyon et al., 1996, 1998) with a 9.5 mm solid aluminium base and a quick release caliper mount providing stability to both the rig and caliper. Automation of the gap controller with an electric motor standardizes the jaw opening and closing velocity, thereby enabling hands-free operation. Frictional losses in the moving components of the rig have been reduced by replacing the main bush of the swing arm with a bearing, reducing the mass of the swing arm, adding a support wheel to the end of the swing arm, and replacing fishing swivels with a universal joint to allow for changes in the opening screw angle as the caliper's arm moves through its arc. This rig can also be adapted to different types of calipers by changing the position of the load cell, microswitches, and the caliper mount. A universal mounting bracket that can be secured to almost any table supports the rig in a vertical plane when calibrating the load cell. To demonstrate the versatility of the calibration rig, preliminary data are presented for the upscale and downscale jaw pressures of seven Harpenden and seven Slim Guide calipers.

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Critical appraisal of the estimation of body composition via two-, three-, and four-compartment models

Cited by 65 publications

References 26 publications

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

Influence of methods used in body composition analysis on the prediction of resting energy expenditure

Improved rig for dynamically calibrating skinfold calipers: Comparison between Harpenden and Slim Guide instruments

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