Critical analysis of the type section of the Balambo Formation (Valanganian-Turonian), Sirwan valley, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq

Karim, Kamal Haji; Al-Khafaf, Aras Omer; Ismael, Khalid M.

doi:10.17656/jzs.10479

Cited by 6 publications

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“…Paleontologically, Khafaf, (2014), Karim et al (2013) and Karim et al (2016) concluded that both Dokan and Gulneri Formation are occurring in all area of northeastern Iraq and there is no unconformity in the sequence of Upper Cretaceous (Figure 14, 15 and 16). Baziany (2014) found the radiolarian of Cenomanian inside Qulqula Radiolarian Formation at Chwarta area, which mentioned continuous deposition of radiolarites (very deep facies) up to middle Cenomanian.…”

Section: Problem Of the Association Of The Pseudo-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tectonic position of Kometan Formation within two episodes is controversial since some authors put the formation in the foreland basin while others placed it on continental margin of oceanic episode. Taha and Karim (2009), Karim (2013) and Karim et al (2016) have put Kometan Formation on continental margin of New Tethys Ocean in a pre-obduction (collision) phase. On the other hand, Al-Qayim, et al (2012) and Lawa et al (2011in Al-Hakari, 2011 have cited that the foreland had developed before Turonian, which means that Kometan Formation deposited in the foreland episode.…”

Section: Problem Of the Association Of The Pseudo-bedding Thalassinomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geology and Critical Review of the Upper Cretaceous Zagros Chalky Limestone (Kometan Formation) From Sulaimani Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Karim¹,

Al-Barzinjy²,

Khanaqa³

2018

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

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The chalky limestone (Kometan Formation) is aged Late Turonian-Middle Campanian and cropping out in the High, Imbricate and Thrust Zones of northeastern Iraq, Sulaimani area. It laterally changes to Bekhme and Mushurah formations toward northwest and west Iraq respectively and its reefal equivalents occurs too in subsurface of Central Iraq in the oil fi elds. Stratigraphically, it is located between Shiranish Formation (Middle-Late Campanian), at the top, and Gulneri Formation (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian) at its base. It has the thickness of about 40-120 meter and depos

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Section: Problem Of the Association Of The Pseudo-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problem Of the Association Of The Pseudo-bedding Thalassinomentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and Critical Review of the Upper Cretaceous Zagros Chalky Limestone (Kometan Formation) From Sulaimani Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Karim¹,

Al-Barzinjy²,

Khanaqa³

2018

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

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“…The basal sediments of the formation laterally and gradationally change into neritic sediments of the Sarmord Formation and iron-rich oolitic and arenaceous beds at the base Garagu Formation found in some areas [6]. The middle portion of Balambo Formation (Hauterivian-Albian) laterally passes westwards and northwestwards, through Sarmord Formation into massive, neritic limestone of Qamchuqa Formation [6,8,9] (Figure-1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Geochemistry and Thermal Maturity Assessment of Cretaceous Balambo Formation from Selected Sites, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Sarraj

Mohialdeen

2021

eijs

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The Cretaceous Balambo Formation from three sections in Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq was studied. The selected sections are located in the Zagros Fold -Thrust Belt. Eleven rock samples were analyzed by means of the organic geochemical method, Bitumen extraction method, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the bitumen and hydrocarbon content, kerogen types, origin of organic matter, thermal maturity level, and depositional environment. The analyzed samples are considered to have an excellent potential in Baranan-1.G1 and Sazan sections, with poor to fair potential in Baraw section. The Baranan-1.G1 source rocks are of type II kerogen (oil prone), whereas Sazan and Baraw samples are of type II/III (oil/ gas prone). Detailed distribution analysis of biomarkers such as normal alkane, isoprenoids, sterane and terpane was performed on saturated hydrocarbons. The mode of n-alkanes and isoprenoids distribution in all analyzed samples is similar, with a unimodal distribution that indicates non-biodegraded hydrocarbons, with the same range of alkane compounds between C13-C34 alkanes. The results of n-C17, pristane, n-C18 and phytane, and regular steranes show that the source rocks of Balambo Formation in Baranan-1.G1 are mainly rich with algal marine organic matter deposited under a reducing environment, while Baraw and Sazan sections are composed of mixed marine organic matter that refers to terrestrial land plants input deposited under reducing anoxic/dysoxic environments. Thermal maturation appraisal is deduced from Pristane/n-C17 versus Phytane/n-C18 diagram, Carbon Preference Index (CPI), C29 ββ/ (ββ+αα), C29 20S/ (20S +20R), C32 22S/ (22S+22R), and Ts/ (Ts+Tm). All these parameters indicate that the analyzed samples are mature and have entered the oil window (early to peak oil window). Biomarker ratios of C22/C21, C24/C23 and C26/C25, C31R/C30H show that the Balambo Formation is composed mostly of carbonates with less shale beds.

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“…This conclusion contradicts the results of the other above authors who concluded the late Campanian age of the formation. Around Sulaimaniya city and in Sirwan valley, previous works[30,31,32] found Gobotrancana calcarata inside Kometan Formation. Therefore, the present study supports only conclusion of the age of late Campanian for the formation in Dokan area.The second conclusion is the direct overlying of the Turonian succession by the Shiranish Formation in Dokan area.…”

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confidence: 97%

Campanian Calciturbidites from Northeast Iraq, Kurdistan Region: Insight into Paleogeography and Source Areas of the Shiranish Formation

Kamil

Al-Dulaimi

Karim

2021

eijs

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Calciturbidites are similar to siliciclastic turbidites in structure, texture, basin physiography and processes of deposition; nevertheless, their clasts (grains) are carbonate minerals. Turbidity currents transport carbonate grains from carbonate source areas and coastal areas to the deep basins after passing the shelf (peri-platform). These currents are triggered by short-lived catastrophic events, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, marine slides, and typhoons. The Late Cretaceous Zagros Foreland and Hinterland in NE-Iraq (Kurdistan Region) was an active source for the shedding of voluminous sediments to the deep basin of Zagros Foreland Basin. During late Campanian, Shiranish Formation was deposited in the foreland basin; it occurs in the most famous oil fields in the Middle East and represents hemplagite facies (much diluted turbidite facies). Previous studies have not broached the origins of Shiranish Formation, neither in detail or briefly. Conversely, the present study focused on linking the calciturbidite system to the origin of the deposition of the Shiranish Formation via derivation from main carbonate source areas. Along long distance, the sediments crossed the marginal slope, scoring submarine channels and depositing coarse detrital carbonates before reaching the basin plain. On the plain, mostly the fine fractions have settled down and mixed with pelagic sediment. The calciturbidite evidence could be tracked for more than 40 km in the studied area from the slope and outer shelf (present Thrust Zone) to the basin plain (High Folded zone). In several places, channelized detrital laminated limestones are found inside Shiranish Formation and in the most proximal area near Qaladiza town. Bouma sequences are clearly observable with erosional base and A, B, and C divisions. These calciturbidites are keys for picturing Campanian paleogeography and nature of the source area which was consisted of limestone.

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Critical analysis of the type section of the Balambo Formation (Valanganian-Turonian), Sirwan valley, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Geology and Critical Review of the Upper Cretaceous Zagros Chalky Limestone (Kometan Formation) From Sulaimani Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Geology and Critical Review of the Upper Cretaceous Zagros Chalky Limestone (Kometan Formation) From Sulaimani Governorate, Northeastern Iraq

Organic Geochemistry and Thermal Maturity Assessment of Cretaceous Balambo Formation from Selected Sites, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Campanian Calciturbidites from Northeast Iraq, Kurdistan Region: Insight into Paleogeography and Source Areas of the Shiranish Formation

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