Criteria and Recommendations for Vitamin C Intake

Levine, Mark

doi:10.1001/jama.281.15.1415

Cited by 478 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Previous reports have suggested that consuming at least ®ve daily servings of vegetables and fruits will provide more than 200 mg vitamin C per day (Johnston & Thompson, 1998;Levine et al, 1999). Although consuming this amount of vitamin C from vegetables and fruits certainly is possible, our data indicate that high-vitamin C vegetables and fruits are not consumed frequently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…There is ample evidence to support a dietary recommendation that takes into consideration not only vitamin C's antiscorbutic activity but also vitamin C's role in antioxidant defense and immune function (Hemila È, 1997;Johnston & Thompson, 1998). Levine et al (1999) and Carr and Frei (1999) have recommended that the RDA for vitamin C be doubled to 120 mgaday. We showed that adults would have to consume seven daily servings of vegetables and fruits to meet this new recommendation, assuming that low-vitamin C vegetables and fruits continue to be chosen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

2000

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Objective: To determine vitamin C intakes among adults and to identify differences in dietary intake associated with vitamin C consumption. Design: This cross-sectional study compared vitamin C intake, nutrient intake, and food group choices of adults with low (`30 mgad), marginal (30 ± 60 mgad), and desirable ( b 60 mgad) vitamin C intakes. Subjects: Data from 2472 men and 2334 women aged 25 ± 75 y were obtained from the 1994 ± 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). Results: Overall, 18% of the sample had low vitamin C intakes, 24% had marginal intakes, and 58% had desirable intakes. In addition to consuming less vitamin C, adults with low vitamin C intakes consumed signi®cantly less (P 0.001) energy-adjusted (ie nutrienta1000 kcal) folate, ®ber, b-carotene, and vitamin B 6 , and signi®cantly more (P`0.001) fat. Compared to adults with low intakes, adults with desirable vitamin C intakes consumed signi®cantly more (P 0.001) high-vitamin C fruit juice and low-vitamin C vegetables, while consuming signi®cantly less (P 0.009) soft drinks, coffeeatea and alcoholic beverages. On average, adults with desirable vitamin C intakes consumed more than ®ve daily servings of vegetables and fruits, of which more than one was citrus. Adults with low and marginal vitamin C intakes consumed less than one-®fth of a serving of citrus. Conclusions: A considerable number of adults under-consume vitamin C and total vegetables and fruits. Nutritionists should continue to promote ®ve to nine daily servings of vegetables and fruits, at least one of which should be rich in vitamin C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

2000

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“…However, the intake of vitamin E should not be less than 3 mg for women and 4 mg for men (SINU), and this is not the case in 20% of the men and 8% of the women in cluster 1 ('small eaters'), or in 5% of the men in cluster 5 ('alcohol'). The vitamin C RDA of 60 mg for all adults (SINU) is moderately or abundantly exceeded in all dietary clusters; since there is evidence that the daily intake of vitamin C should be many times higher than the amount needed to protect against scurvy, this last recommendation is under revision (Carr & Frei, 1999;Levine et al, 1999). Furthermore, there are indications that the vitamin C requirement increases with age (Heseker & Schneider, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and nutritional patterns in an elderly rural population in Northern and Southern Italy: (II). Nutritional profiles associated with food behaviours

et al. 2003

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Objective: To describe the nutritional profiles of the food consumption patterns identified in an elderly Italian rural population. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Population-based study. Subjects: A total of 847 men and 1465 women aged 65 y or older, resident in rural areas in the province of Pavia (Northern Italy) and near Cosenza (Southern Italy) in 1992-1993. Interventions: A cluster analysis segregated the subjects into six groups for men and seven for women on the basis of similarities in their food intake (see companion paper). The mean daily energy, macronutrient, mineral and vitamin intakes were calculated for the sample as a whole and for each cluster, and then compared with the age-and gender-specific recommended daily allowances for the Italian population. Results: The largest cluster ('small eaters', which included about half of the population) had an insufficient intake of essential fatty acids, calcium, potassium, zinc (men), iron (women), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, b-carotene, and vitamins A, D and E. The most noticeable characteristics of some of the other clusters were a high intake of fats, a high proportion of total energy provided by sugars, a high intake of vitamin C, folic acid and b-carotene, and a high alcohol consumption. Furthermore, sodium intake was too high in all of the clusters and vitamin D intake was generally inadequate. Conclusions: The dietary habits of elderly Italians living in rural areas combine elements of the Mediterranean and 'wealthy' diets.

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“…All photosynthetic plants have the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid (Smirnoff & Wheeler, 2000). Fruits and dark green vegetables, particularly citruses, asparagus, broccoli, and kale, are rich sources of vitamin C (Levine, Rumsey, Daruwala, Park, & Wang, 1999, p. 1417). The livers of animals that are capable of endogenous synthesis of ascorbic acid (e.g., most terrestrial vertebrates and marine mammals) are also rich in this nutrient and can be an important complementary source of vitamin C for humans in environments where vegetation is scarce (Fediuk, Hidiroglou, Madère, & Kuhnlein, 2002; Geraci & Smith, 1979).…”

Section: Vitamin C In Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RDA for children aged 1–3 years is 15 mg, with incremental increases until reproductive maturity is reached (NIH, 2018). The absolute minimum daily intake necessary to prevent scurvy is thought to be 10 mg in adults (Hirschmann & Raugi, 1999: 899; Levine et al, 1999; Pimentel, 2003, p. 331; Popvich et al, 2009). If this minimum requirement is unmet long enough for somatic stores to fall below 350 mg (~1–3 months), scurvy can occur and if left untreated it is invariably fatal (Fain, 2005; NIH, 2018).…”

Section: Vitamin C In Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide

Snoddy

Buckley

Elliott

et al. 2018

American J Phys Anthropol

101

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The past two decades have seen a proliferation in bioarchaeological literature on the identification of scurvy, a disease caused by chronic vitamin C deficiency, in ancient human remains. This condition is one of the few nutritional deficiencies that can result in diagnostic osseous lesions. Scurvy is associated with low dietary diversity and its identification in human skeletal remains can provide important contextual information on subsistence strategy, resource allocation, and human‐environmental interactions in past populations. A large and robust methodological body of work on the paleopathology of scurvy exists. However, the diagnostic criteria for this disease employed by bioarchaeologists have not always been uniform. Here we draw from previous research on the skeletal manifestations of scurvy in adult and juvenile human skeletal remains and propose a weighted diagnostic system for its identification that takes into account the pathophysiology of the disease, soft tissue anatomy, and clinical research. Using a sample of individuals from the prehistoric Atacama Desert in Northern Chile, we also provide a practical example of how diagnostic value might be assigned to skeletal lesions of the disease that have not been previously described in the literature.

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Criteria and Recommendations for Vitamin C Intake

Cited by 478 publications

References 98 publications

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

Dietary and nutritional patterns in an elderly rural population in Northern and Southern Italy: (II). Nutritional profiles associated with food behaviours

Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide

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