CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome tailoring to improve nutritional quality and shelf life in crops: A review

Prospects of microgreens as budding living functional food: Breeding and biofortification through OMICS and other approaches for nutritional security

“…NASA scientists have also explored microgreens in space due to dynamic properties like the availability of oxygen generation, nitrogen, essential nutrients, and photoactive compounds to enhance the morale of astronauts during stretched stays away from Earth ( Kyriacou et al, 2017 ). Several breeding approaches and multiOmics have been explored to augment the shelf life, developmental rate and nutrient content of vegetables and fruits ( Kalia and Singh, 2018 ; Mathiazhagan et al, 2021 ; Reda et al, 2021 ; Valdes et al, 2021 ; AieseCigliano et al, 2022 ; Chakravorty et al, 2022 ; Dutta et al, 2022 ; Kumari et al, 2022 ; Parmar et al, 2022 ; Sahoo et al, 2022 ; Sharma et al, 2022 ). However, it has been observed in tomatoes that the dominance component was higher than the additive component for shelf life ( Pavan and Gangaprasad, 2022 ).…”

“…Biofortification can be done by understanding the genes, pathways and regulatory networks responsible for absorbing and transporting nutrients and adopting genetic means that involve using the natural germplasm during conventional breeding, genetic engineering (through genetic engineering or production of transgenics) and other OMICS approaches. The significance of multiomics, nutriomics and foodomics have been explained for development of desirable genotypes with potential microgreen related traits (shelf life and nutrient content) those will be also helpful for improvement of breeding cycles ( Kalia and Singh, 2018 ; Mathiazhagan et al, 2021 ; Reda et al, 2021 ; Valdes et al, 2021 ; AieseCigliano et al, 2022 ; Bansal et al, 2022a ; Chakravorty et al, 2022 ; Dutta et al, 2022 ; Kumari et al, 2022 ; Parmar et al, 2022 ; Sahoo et al, 2022 ; Sharma et al, 2022 ).…”

“…In plant genome editing, sequence-specific nucleases modify specific genes in the selected crop to construct transgene free plants. Moreover, different sequence-specific nucleases including ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR-Cas9 systems have been explored to alter the genome of the targeted plant, fruits and vegetables ( Upadhyaya et al, 2009 ; Mathiazhagan et al, 2021 ; Chakravorty et al, 2022 ; Kumari et al, 2022 ). CRISPR genome editing uses RNA-guided DNA endonucleases (Cas9/13), but these complexes form at the specific target site to execute targeted gene editing ( Ducreux et al, 2004 ; Dancs et al, 2008 ).…”

“…Prospective OMICS approaches have been investigated in many plants to improve the desirable traits and elucidated earlier ( AieseCigliano et al, 2022 ; Chakravorty et al, 2022 ; Dutta et al, 2022 ; Gupta, 2022 ; Gupta and Tyagi, 2022 ; Parmar et al, 2022 ; Sharma and Gupta, 2022 ; Singh et al, 2022 ). Re-sequencing activities of whole-genome employing genetic diversity, domestication patterns, evolutionary analysis, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium for chickpea improvement as a result of the technical advancements that upgraded chickpea (an orphan crop) to a potential geneticcrop ( Varshney et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Metabolomics and proteomics have been explored in several microgreens viz., broccoli ( Sun et al, 2015 ), brassica ( Castellaneta et al, 2022 ) and other leafy vegetables also ( Sahoo et al, 2022 ). Thus, it is evident that we may identify and predict candidate genes associated with microgreens related traits (shelf life, desirable nutrients content, developmental rate and phytochemicals) may be incorporated in targeted crop varieties of fruits and vegetables utilizing the crop specific data bases of genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics, marker-assisted selection, GWAS, bioinformatics, AI approaches utilizing the databases of specific crop transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 and gene editing approaches ( Mathiazhagan et al, 2021 ; Valdes et al, 2021 ; Chakravorty et al, 2022 ; Parmar et al, 2022 ; Sahoo et al, 2022 ) . Thus combination of multiomics, foodomics in association with nutriomics would be fruitful for regulation of nutritional balance, health management and treatment of diseases ( Bansal et al, 2022a ).…”