Crisis conservation and green extraction: biodiversity offsets as spaces of double exception

Billon, Philippe Le

doi:10.2458/jpe.2991

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Within the process of "capitalist intensification" (Büscher, 2021), freshwater species struggle to survive in pollution-laden waters, and marine species, such as Maui dolphins, are victim to overzealous fishing practices and environmental degradation. Efforts to conserve within greener market economies has drawn conservationists to partner with destructive entities that ultimately "sustain extinction" (Adams, 2017;Le Billon, 2021;Dunlap & Jakobsen, 2020). These include legal protections, including reserves, around the edges of exploitable regions, where the worst degradation is occurring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent literature emphasized "capitalist intensification of pressure on biological diversity" and shifting values (Büscher, 2021). As noted by Adams, the system-and the promise of a greening economy-have drawn conservationists to partner with destructive entities (2017; Le Billon, 2021). Thus, conservationists often work around the edges, hoping for win-win situations, but the likelihood is that their agreements empower extractive industries in "sustaining extinction" (Le Billon, 2021, p. 867;Dunlap & Jakobsen, 2020).…”

Section: Political Ecology and Framingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The politics of animal extinction and conservation: Interests, framing, and policy

Armoudian

Poulsen

2023

Journal of Political Ecology

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Why do conservation policies fail to prevent species extinctions and die-offs in contravention of stated intentions and goals? Bringing together a range of literature, including political ecology, political theory, conservation science, communication theory, environmental communication, with original data, this article explores this question, then addresses these failures within Aotearoa New Zealand's context. Using the New Zealand case, it offers a systems-level view of these failures, focusing on the influences and limitations that arise from the political-economic structures, fractured governance, interest group influence, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in representative democracies. Secondly, in these settings, we argue that communication and framing by the interested parties—politicians, government officials, interest groups and NGOs—buttress this system, partly by normalizing it, obscuring scientific realities, shifting focus away from deeper issues, and thus limiting the possibility of substantive solutions in what might be called a colonization of consciousness. Together, this economic-political-communication complex has failed to prevent—and in some ways aided—mass die-offs of native animal species. The article then suggests exploring alternative models, such as deliberative democracy, to this seemingly intractable problem, to strengthen the influence of scientific expertise, better inform decision-makers, advance public understandings of science, and improve democracy by engaging members of the public in decision-making processes. While this study focuses on New Zealand, the issues related to political ecology, the political-economic systems, and the framing of issues, apply to many democratic countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Political Ecology and Framingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of animal extinction and conservation: Interests, framing, and policy

Armoudian

Poulsen

2023

Journal of Political Ecology

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“…And Kellokumpu (2022) considers how the Finnish media justifies the bioeconomy and carbon sinks as a practical solution to the crisis within the paper and pulp production sectors. Socioenvironmental fixes like REDD+ and other market solutions also manufacture affinities and partnerships between extraction and conservation (Le Billon 2021).…”

Section: The Green Spatiotemporal Fixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazil's Amazon Fund: A “Green Fix” between Offset Pressures and Deforestation Crisis

Horn

2023

Antipode

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Emissions trading and nature‐based solutions, particularly REDD+, have lent themselves to the critical literature on the “socioecological fix” in neoliberal capital accumulation and state regulation. Prone to reversals, land conflict, and leakage, these mechanisms displace the burden of carbon emissions reductions to global South countries, promote new green commodities, and thus increase rather than curb the chance of capital accumulations by big polluters. Studies of existing REDD+ projects register the privatisation of forest management on the one hand and “aidification” on the other, suggesting impediments to fully commodifying forest carbon ranging from social movement resistance to technical issues. This case study of Brazil's national Amazon Fund points to global South protagonism in constructing and negotiating REDD+, challenging Northern and market hegemonies. Progressive Southern actors use the political space of the fix to defend rural communities' territorial rights and demand resources in line with historic responsibilities and climate justice.

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“…Indeed, there is such a rich field of research to be set up around the question of extinction that this Special Section only scratches the surface. Important areas for further research that the articles in this Special Section point at, amongst others, are the connections between extraction and conservation in relation to extinction (Le Billon, 2021;Nel, 2021;Meszaros Martin and Pedraza, 2021), the relation between new digital technologies and studying, knowing and understanding extinction processes (Kiggel, 2021), the relations between extinction, de-extinction and a broader cryo-politics of life (Wrigley, 2021), the relation between psycho-analytic dynamics and extinction (Koot, 2021), how biopower affects extinction and responses to it (Thakholi, 2021) and how extinction fears can in fact be profitable and conducive to, rather than an indictment of, contemporary capitalism (Büscher, 2021).…”

Section: Political Ecologies Of Extinction In Times Of Exception and ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Political ecologies of extinction: from endpoint to inflection-point. Introduction to the Special Section

Büscher¹

2022

Journal of Political Ecology

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Amidst the many socio-ecological crises facing the world today, the biodiversity crisis is considered one of the most foundational. According to scientists, we have entered yet another mass extinction event in the history of the planet, though the first triggered by the impacts of the combined, uneven actions of one species. This introductory paper to a Special Section on the "Political ecologies of extinction" frames this crisis through political ecology, and explores what political ecologies of extinction could look like and focus on in the 21st century. Building on emerging literatures and the author contributions, it agrees that extinction is much more than the endpoint of a long and rocky road of the decline of a species. It is an uneven, historical process that conjoins political, geographical, socio-ecological, and other factors. Most of all, a political ecology of extinction highlights the intertwined forces of political economy, power and ecology whereby I argue that a special focus should be on how biological diversity and our understanding of it has changed over time, especially the last two centuries. The capitalist intensification of pressures on biological diversity combined with changing perceptions of the value of diversity during this time have led to a moment where extinction decisively moves from a biological endpoint to a political inflection-point. How to relate these two 'points' to historical and contemporary, local and global forces of political economy and power is central to political ecologies of extinction, as exemplified by the articles in this Special Section. This introductory article lays out their core themes, and derives from them further pointers and questions for developing this field.

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Crisis conservation and green extraction: biodiversity offsets as spaces of double exception

Cited by 17 publications

References 94 publications

The politics of animal extinction and conservation: Interests, framing, and policy

The politics of animal extinction and conservation: Interests, framing, and policy

Brazil's Amazon Fund: A “Green Fix” between Offset Pressures and Deforestation Crisis

Political ecologies of extinction: from endpoint to inflection-point. Introduction to the Special Section

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