Criminals and Brain Abnormalities: The Case for Early Diagnosis and Psychological Intervention

Abstract

Background: This literature review traces the historical development of research into the relationship between neural abnormalities and criminal behavior, beginning with phrenological studies in the 19th century and evolving with modern imaging techniques. Objective: To examine how these advancements have enhanced our understanding of the brain-behavior nexus, particularly in the context of aggression and impulsivity, and to discuss the ethical implications of this research. Methods: The review analyzes studies focusing on structural and functional brain deviations related to criminal tendencies, along with ethical discussions in this field. Results: Evidence suggests a correlation between certain neural markers and behavioral tendencies like aggression and impulsivity. However, ethical concerns such as potential stigmatization, deterministic labeling, and implications for the justice system are prominent. Conclusion: While there is a growing body of evidence supporting these correlations, challenges remain in establishing causality and using this information ethically. The importance of early diagnosis, psychological interventions, and the role of emerging technologies are highlighted. The review advocates for multidisciplinary collaboration and calls for continued research with a strong emphasis on ethical considerations, to ensure that scientific advancements benefit individuals and society equally.