Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Humans and Livestock, Pakistan, 2015–2017

Zohaib, Ali; Saqib, Muhammad; Athar, Muhammad Ammar; Hussain, Muhammad Hammad; Sial, Awais-ur-Rahman; Tayyab, Muhammad; Batool, Murrafa; Sadia, Halima; Taj, Zeeshan; Usman, Τahir; Jakhrani, Muhammad Y.; Tayyab, Jawad; Kakar, Muhammad Azam; Shahid, Muhammad Furqan; Yaqub, Tahir; Zhang, Jingyuan; Wu, Qiaoli; Deng, Fei; Corman, Victor M.; Shěn, Shū; Khan, Iahtasham; Z, Shi

doi:10.3201/eid2604.191154

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A total of eight studies has investigated other important TBDs, including coxiellosis and CCHF in ticks and small ruminants [ 20 , 22 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 61 , 134 ] ( Table 6 ). Coxiellosis (Q fever) was reported mainly from Punjab ( n = 3) and Sindh ( n = 1), with an overall prevalence of 4.6–33.2% and 7.7–31% in animals (using serological methods, i.e., ELISA and complement fixation test [CFT]) and ticks (using qualitative PCR), respectively [ 33 , 34 , 135 , 136 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another major tick-borne zoonotic disease in Pakistan is CCHF and only a few studies have detected this virus in blood (1%, 8/800) and ticks (3.8%, 20/525) collected from sheep [ 61 ], and specific antibodies in sheep (18.6–32.5%) and goats (4.6–18.9%) [ 32 , 35 ]. In Pakistan, the incidence of CCHF is usually higher in urban areas before Eid-ul-Adha when people slaughter animals as a religious ritual [ 90 , 92 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, using a high-throughput microfluidic technique, a broad spectrum of microorganisms in ticks collected from sheep and goats in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan were reported [ 22 ]. Moreover, tick-borne zoonotic diseases such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Q fever have also been reported from different parts of Pakistan [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDis) are a major constraint to the health and production of small ruminants in Pakistan. Despite being the subject of intermittent studies over the past few decades, comprehensive information on the epidemiology and control of TTBDis is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the current knowledge on TTBDis of small ruminants in Pakistan. Critical appraisal of the selected 71 articles published between 1947 to 2020 revealed that morphological examination had been the most widely used method for the identification of TTBDis in Pakistan. Tick fauna comprise at least 40 species, mainly belonging to Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The prevalence of ticks is the highest in summer (June–September) and it is also higher in goats than sheep. Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria spp. are the major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and their prevalence is usually higher in sheep than goats. Spatio-temporal distribution, genetic diversity and control of ticks and TBPs of small ruminants as well as the competence of tick vectors for various TBPs remain to be explored. Therefore, coordinated and focused investigations are required to fill knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise the health, production and welfare of small ruminants and minimise economic losses associated with TTBDis in Pakistan.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…Of these patients, 38% were reported from Balochistan, followed by 23% from Punjab, 19% from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 14% from Sindh, and 6% from Islamabad [ 14 , 16 ]. Zohaib et al reported 2.7% of CCHF seroprevalence in Pakistan with increased prevalence in rural residents, possibly due to increased exposure to animals [ 17 ]. High risk of nosocomial transmission of CCHFV was reported for the first time in 1976 when laparotomy of a CCHF patient was performed in Pakistan, resulting in 11 secondary cases of hospital transmission leading to 3 deaths [ 10 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude and perceptions about Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) among occupationally high-risk healthcare professionals of Pakistan

et al. 2021

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Background Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), a tropically neglected infectious disease caused by Nairovirus, is endemic in low middle-income countries like Pakistan. Emergency health care professionals (HCPs) are at risk of contracting nosocomial transmission of CCHF. We, therefore, aim to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of at-risk physicians, nurses, and pharmacists in Pakistan and the factors associated with good KAP. Method A validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha 0.71) was used to collect data from HCPs in two CCHF endemic metropolitan cities of Pakistan by employing a cross-sectional study design. For data analysis percentages, chi-square test and Spearman correlation were applied by using SPSS version 22. Results Of the 478 participants, 56% (n = 268) were physicians, 37.4% (n = 179) were nurses, and 6.5% (n = 31) were pharmacists. The proportion of HCPs with good knowledge, attitude, and perception scores was 54.3%, 81, and 69%, respectively. Being a physician, having more work experience, having a higher age, working in tertiary care settings, were key factors for higher knowledge (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient showed significant positive correlation between attitude- perception (r = 0.560, p < 0.001). Conclusion We have observed average knowledge of HCPs. Therefore, we recommend time to time education campaigns and workshops in highly endemic CCHF regions to be launched by health ministries and HCPs, in particular nurses, encouraged to follow authentic academic sources of information to prevent nosocomial transmission.

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“…Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an acute viral infectious disease with symptoms, such as ecchymosis, visceral hemorrhage, hepatic dysfunction, and mortality ranging from 8% to 80% (1,2). Nairovirus from the Bunyaviridae family, which is the causative agent of the disease, can be found asymptomatically in cattle, sheep, goats, small rats, and birds (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Platelet/Lymphocyte and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratios and Mortality in Intensive Care Patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Avcı¹

2020

Erciyes Med J

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This study aims to examine the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values in predicting mortality of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study, and 34 patients diagnosed with CCHF hospitalized in ICU between 1 January 2016-1 January 2020 were included in this study. Demographic data and PLR, NLR, mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), c-reactive protein (CRP) values in their first blood samples taken in ICU were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses for the estimation value of the parameters was carried out. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic tests. Results: The mortality rate was 52% (18 exitus). The average length of ICU stay was 10.8±6.6 days. For the value of 8.40 FL for MPV, sensitivity was 83.3%, and specificity was 68.8%. The sensitivity was 88.9% and the specificity was 81.3% for the value of 13.15% of RDW. For NLR, the sensitivity was 83.3%; and the specificity was 87.5% for the value of 2.73. For PLR, the sensitivity was 81.3%, and the specificity was 100% for the cutoff value of 49.94. Conclusion: PLR and NLR can give the physician an idea about the mortality in patients with severe CCHF; however, studies with a larger number of patients are needed for full validity.

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Humans and Livestock, Pakistan, 2015–2017

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Knowledge, attitude and perceptions about Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) among occupationally high-risk healthcare professionals of Pakistan

The Relationship Between Platelet/Lymphocyte and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratios and Mortality in Intensive Care Patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

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