Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Abstract

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirus genus. The viral genome consists of 3 RNA segments of 12 kb (L), 6.8 kb (M), and 3 kb (S). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tickborne viral infection worldwide: it has been reported in many regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The geographical distribution of CCHFV corresponds most closely with the distribution of members of the tick genera, and Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection. In contrast to human infection, CCHFV infection is asymptomatic in all species. Treatment options for CCHF are limited; immunotherapy and ribavirin are effective in the treatment of CCHF; the efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of CCHF has not yet been proven. This article reviews the history, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CCHFV, as well as the development of a vaccine against it.

Broad-Range Antiviral Activity of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Highly Pathogenic RNA Viruses

“…Smaller sporadic outbreaks of Far-eastern subtype tick-borne flavivirus, RVFV, and CCHFV occur on a yearly basis and have previously been reported in Siberia/Russia, Africa/Arabian Peninsula, and Southeastern Europe, respectively333435. The mortality rate can reach up to 20 and 50% for respectively RSSEV and CCHFV3637, while RVFV rather causes a permanent debilitating disease in about 10% of cases38. Currently there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for EBOV, as well as for other highly pathogenic viruses such as RSSEV, CCHFV, and RVFV3940, therefore there is an urgent need for the development of broad-range safe and effective antiviral therapeutics.…”

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: What Do We Know about Pulmonary Injury? A Compilation of Evidence

“…Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with three segments (large, medium, and small), two envelope proteins (Gn and Gc) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [1][2][3]. Studies have found the GC protein to be the target-binding protein as well as an important mediator for virus entry [4].…”

“…The incubation period varies depending on how infection occurs. It can last up to 9 days when the disease is acquired through a tick bite and a maximum of 13 days when transmission occurs by infected tissues or blood [3]. Next, the pre-haemorrhagic period involves a broad-albeit non-specific range of symptoms such as fever, chills, severe headache, photophobia, myalgia, abdominal pain, nausea, flushing, hypotension, and bradycardia [17,18].…”

“…Next, the pre-haemorrhagic period involves a broad-albeit non-specific range of symptoms such as fever, chills, severe headache, photophobia, myalgia, abdominal pain, nausea, flushing, hypotension, and bradycardia [17,18]. The haemorrhagic stage can develop as soon as 3 days into the disease [3]. Evidence of haemorrhage can be as subtle as small petechiae, through large ecchymosis, all the way up to mucosal (eg: gums) and internal organs (eg: lungs and GI tract) haemorrhage [18,19].…”

An Outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the South West of Iran

“…Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an enveloped RNA virus, which is classified in Nairovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family (1). The virus is distributed throughout more than 30 countries in Africa, Asia, southeast Europe, and the Middle East including Iran (2).…”