Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman

Williams, R. J.; Al-Busaidy, Suleiman; Mehta, Firdosi; Maupin, Gary O.; Wagoner, Kent D.; Al-Awaidy, Salah; Suleiman, Ali Jaffer M.; Khan, Ali S.; Peters, C. J.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00524.x

Cited by 94 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…One possible reason for the lower prevalence of infection in cattle (13.0%) could be the low frequency of pasture usage of dairy cattle in the region; however, small ruminants are continuously in the pasture during the season. In accordance with our results, similar studies (7,12,14,15,18) confirmed that the CCHF antibody prevalence is generally higher in small ruminants than cattle. Although there are no similar data from Turkey to compare the results, very limited surveys were conducted in the endemic region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever infection in domestic animals in Marmara region, Western Turkey

Tuncer¹,

Yeşilbağ²,

Alpay³

et al. 2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been an important health issue in Turkey since the last decade.Although there is a well-described endemic area, the infection tends to disseminate into non-endemic areas. In the South Marmara region, a non-endemic area, serological and virological investigations were performed to evaluate the infection status in livestock animals. Among 508 blood samples collected from 5 different locations, 33.1% were positive for CCHF-neutralizing antibodies. The highest seroprevalence rate was detected in goats (66.0%), followed by sheep (31.8%) and cattle (13.0%) (p< 0.0001). There were extensive differences in seroprevalence rates in neighboring locations, i.e., 7.8% in Keles and 47.6% in the Orhaneli district of Bursa province. Using antigen-capture ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and real-time reverse transcription PCR (rt RT-PCR), 6.6% of the tested animals were found to be viremic at the time of sampling. Two samples that were negative by Ag-ELISA produced a positive signal in rt RT-PCR, indicating the higher sensitivity of the latter method for detecting viremic animals. The results of this study demonstrate the wide distribution of CCHF virus in some locations in a non-endemic area, which may lead to the generation of focal infectious areas.Key words: Cattle, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, sheep, Turkey. Marmara bölgesindeki evcil hayvanlarda Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi enfeksiyonuÖzet: Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi (KKKA) son on yıllık süreç içerisinde Türkiye'de oldukça önemli bir sağlık problemi olarak gündemde yer almaktadır. Endemik bölge olarak tanımlanan alanlar dışında kalan non-endemik bölgelerde de enfeksiyonun yayılma eğiliminde olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada non-endemik bölge olarak tanımlanan Güney Marmara bölgesindeki çiftlik hayvanlarında enfeksiyon durumunu değerlendirebilmek amacıyla serolojik ve virolojik araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 5 farklı noktadan 508 adet kan örneği toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerin %33,1'i KKKA-nötralizan antikorları yönünden pozitif çıkmıştır. En yüksek seroprevalans değeri keçilerde (%66,0) saptanırken, bu değeri sırasıyla koyunlar (%31,8) ve sığırlar (%13,0) izlemiştir (p<0,0001). Seroprevalans değerlerinde komşu bölgeler arasında büyük farklar olduğu görülmüştür. Örneğin; Keles'te %7,8 olan seroprevalans değeri Orhaneli'de %47,6 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Antijen ELISA (Ag-ELISA) ve real-time reverse transkriptaz PCR (rt RT-PCR) kullanılarak test edilen hayvanların %6,6'sının örnekleme sırasında viremi fazında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ag-ELISA ile negatif, rt RT-PCR ile pozitif sonuç veren iki örnek, ikinci metodun viremi fazındaki hayvanları saptamada daha duyarlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucu KKKA virusunun non-endemik bölgenin bazı noktalarında oldukça yaygın olduğunu ve bu noktaların enfeksiyon odağı olabileceğini göstermiştir.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The overall seroprevalence rate of 33.1%, which is comparable to some previous studies (18), indicates that CCHF virus infection is moderately distributed throughout the studied population. The existence of extremely different infection rates among provinces in the same country was previously reported in Iran (3).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever infection in domestic animals in Marmara region, Western Turkey

Tuncer¹,

Yeşilbağ²,

Alpay³

et al. 2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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“…A serosurvey performed as part of the investigation found that many livestock animals raised in the region had antibodies to CCHFV, while imported animals were negative. Human infections were identified in Oman in the mid-1990s, and a subsequent survey of livestock and ticks confirmed the local circulation of the virus (Scrimgeour, 1996;Williams et al, 2000) …”

Section: The Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 98%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, Douglas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013 b s t r a c tCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.

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“…CCHFV infection was first described during an outbreak in Russia during the 1940s, when more than 200 cases of severe hemorrhagic fever were reported among agricultural workers and soldiers in the Crimean peninsula (15,16). Since then, the virus has spread throughout many regions of the world, including sub-Saharan Africa (60,61), Bulgaria, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Pakistan, the former Yugoslavia, northern Greece, and northwest China (16,23,(42)(43)(44)(45).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Localization and Antigenic Characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Glycoproteins

Bertolotti-Ciarlet

Smith

Strecker

et al. 2005

J Virol

143

202

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, causes severe disease with high rates of mortality in humans. The CCHFV M RNA segment encodes the virus glycoproteins GN and GC. To understand the processing and intracellular localization of the CCHFV glycoproteins as well as their neutralization and protection determinants, we produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for both GN and GC. Using these MAbs, we found that GN predominantly colocalized with a Golgi marker when expressed alone or with GC, while GC was transported to the Golgi apparatus only in the presence of GN. Both proteins remained endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H sensitive, indicating that the CCHFV glycoproteins are most likely targeted to the cis Golgi apparatus. Golgi targeting information partly resides within the GN ectodomain, because a soluble version of GN lacking its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains also localized to the Golgi apparatus. Coexpression of soluble versions of GN and GC also resulted in localization of soluble GC to the Golgi apparatus, indicating that the ectodomains of these proteins are sufficient for the interactions needed for Golgi targeting. Finally, the mucin-like and P35 domains, located at the N terminus of the GN precursor protein and removed posttranslationally by endoproteolysis, were required for Golgi targeting of GN when it was expressed alone but were dispensable when GC was coexpressed. In neutralization assays on SW-13 cells, MAbs to GC, but not to GN, prevented CCHFV infection. However, only a subset of GC MAbs protected mice in passive-immunization experiments, while some nonneutralizing GN MAbs efficiently protected animals from a lethal CCHFV challenge. Thus, neutralization of CCHFV likely depends not only on the properties of the antibody, but on host cell factors as well. In addition, nonneutralizing antibody-dependent mechanisms, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, may be involved in the in vivo protection seen with the MAbs to GC

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Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman

Cited by 94 publications

References 17 publications

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever infection in domestic animals in Marmara region, Western Turkey

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever infection in domestic animals in Marmara region, Western Turkey

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

Cellular Localization and Antigenic Characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Glycoproteins

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