Cricket fast bowling workload patterns as risk factors for tendon, muscle, bone and joint injuries

Orchard, John; Blanch, Peter; Paoloni, Justin; Kountouris, Alex; Sims, Kevin; Orchard, J.; Brukner, Peter

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093683

Cited by 108 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Younger athletes will be injured sooner than their experienced team members, indicating that their workload tolerance is less 18. Athletes with low chronic training load have exhibited higher risk of injury compared to their peers 5 19. Rugby union players who have a low training history (approximately <4000 arbitrary units (AU)/month) and high-training history (approximately >8500 AU/month) are at more risk than those with a moderate history (approximately 5000–8500 AU/month) 20.…”

Section: Prevention Based On Risk Factors For Developing a Sports Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports-related workload and injury risk: simply knowing the risks will not prevent injuries: Narrative review

Drew¹,

Cook

Finch

2016

Br J Sports Med

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Training loads contribute to sports injury risk but their mitigation has rarely been considered in a sports injury prevention framework. A key concept behind monitoring training loads for injury prevention is to screen for those at increased risk of injury so that workloads can be adjusted to minimise these risks. This review describes how advances in management of workload can be applied as a preventive measure. Primary prevention involves screening for preparticipation load risk factors, such as low training loads, prior to a training period or competition. Secondary prevention involves screening for workloads that are known to precede an injury developing so that modification can be undertaken to mitigate this risk. Tertiary prevention involves rehabilitation practices that include a graded return to training programme to reduce the risk of sustaining a subsequent injury. The association of training loads with injury incidence is now established. Prevention measures such as rule changes that affect the workload of an athlete are universal whereas those that address risk factors of an asymptomatic subgroup are more selective. Prevention measures, when implemented for asymptomatic individuals exhibiting possible injury risk factors, are indicated for an athlete at risk of developing a sports injury. Seven key indicated risks and associated prevention measures are proposed.

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Section: Prevention Based On Risk Factors For Developing a Sports Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports-related workload and injury risk: simply knowing the risks will not prevent injuries: Narrative review

Drew¹,

Cook

Finch

2016

Br J Sports Med

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“…Based on the results from cricket, 19 it is likely that different tissue types will respond differently to different loads. For example, bone stress and tendon injuries have been shown to increase in response to high acute workloads, while joint injuries occur in response to high career workloads.…”

Section: What About Other Modifiers Of Response Such As Athlete Age Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Training-Load Paradoxes: Can We Work Harder and Smarter, Can Physical Preparation and Medical Be Teammates?

Gabbett¹,

Whiteley²

2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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The authors have observed that in professional sporting organizations the staff responsible for physical preparation and medical care typically practice in relative isolation and display tension as regards their attitudes toward training-load prescription (much more and much less training, respectively). Recent evidence shows that relatively high chronic training loads, when they are appropriately reached, are associated with reduced injury risk and better performance. Understanding this link between performance and training loads removes this tension but requires a better understanding of the relationship between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and its association with performance and injury. However, there remain many questions in the area of ACWR, and we are likely at an early stage of our understanding of these parameters and their interrelationships. This opinion paper explores these themes and makes recommendations for improving performance through better synergies in support-staff approaches. Furthermore, aspects of the ACWR that remain to be clarified-the role of shared decision making, risk:benefit estimation, and clearer accountability-are discussed.Keywords: shared decision making, acute:chronic workload ratio, injury, performance Training loads determine physical performance ability, albeit in a complex nonlinear manner, subject to individual variations in response. In large, it is suggested that physically appropriate, higher training loads are associated with more positive performance adaptations up to some point-this point being the creation of an overuse injury. Indeed it has recently been suggested that an overuse injury is, by definition, a training load prescription error. 1 Given that overuse injury can form the great majority of injury seen in some sports, it could be argued that the majority of injury burden is driven by incorrect training practice. Viewed through this simplistic prism, in the context of many professional sporting environments, the physical preparation and medical staff are at odds advocating higher and lower training loads respectively. This superficial understanding of the relationships between training load, injury, and performance have led to a dichotomizing of approaches wherein if low injury rates are the primary aim, training loads should be minimized and alternately training loads should be maximized where physical preparation is the principal driver.More recently a model has been developed suggesting that the absolute training load at any point in time is a less useful predictor of injury than considering the individual's current training load, and training load history. Initially it was observed that the week-on-week changes in training load are more predictive of injury risk than the absolute training load at any given point in time 2 questioning the more simplistic approaches outlined above. Subsequently Banister's suggested performance model investigating the balance between "fitness" (chronic training load, typically 4-wk rolling average) and "fatigue"...

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“…The study highlighted training intensity as a risk factor for overuse injuries. Given changes in training loads precede the onset of injury in cricket,2 football (soccer)3 and Australian football,4 we consider that overuse injuries can be considered errors in training load prescription and labelled as such. Care should also be taken with broadly labelling training intensity as a risk factor as moderate training loads are protective against injury Gabbett's ‘training injury prevention paradox’ 5 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Care should also be taken with broadly labelling training intensity as a risk factor as moderate training loads are protective against injury Gabbett's ‘training injury prevention paradox’ 5 6. High training loads may predispose to injury in some tissues more than others;2 they can protect against injury when coupled with small magnitude changes in training loads 6…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The important clinical relevance of this is that labelling these injuries as ‘overuse’ may encourage athletes to reduce their training unduly, thus exposing their tissues to deconditioning3 or an inconsistent loading pattern2 which have been associated with injuries. The implications for clinicians are that subjective examination should explore not only supranormal training load but also periods of low/no load and the trajectory from this to injury presentation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Time to bin the term ‘overuse’ injury: is ‘training load error’ a more accurate term?

Drew

Purdam

2016

Br J Sports Med

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Cricket fast bowling workload patterns as risk factors for tendon, muscle, bone and joint injuries

Cited by 108 publications

References 23 publications

Sports-related workload and injury risk: simply knowing the risks will not prevent injuries: Narrative review

Sports-related workload and injury risk: simply knowing the risks will not prevent injuries: Narrative review

Two Training-Load Paradoxes: Can We Work Harder and Smarter, Can Physical Preparation and Medical Be Teammates?

Time to bin the term ‘overuse’ injury: is ‘training load error’ a more accurate term?

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