Cretaceous and Tertiary climate change and the past distribution of megathermal rainforests

Morley, Robert J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48842-2_1

Cited by 97 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…4) were based on Pound et al (2012), Wolfe (1985) and Morley (2011). The study by Pound et al (2012) (Kaplan, 2001), while Wolfe (1985) uses the classification scheme described in Wolfe (1979).…”

Section: Global Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we coded the data in the Land Surface Model (LSM) (Bonan, 1996) biome classification scheme. Table 2 shows how the data from Pound et al (2012), Wolfe (1985) and Morley (2011) were converted into the LSM scheme. However, we note that the correspondence between biomes of different schemes is not always optimal (see notes in Table 2).…”

Section: Global Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Boundary conditions for the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT v1.0)

Frigola¹,

Prange²,

Schulz³

2017

Preprint

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Section: Global Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boundary conditions for the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT v1.0)

Frigola¹,

Prange²,

Schulz³

2017

Preprint

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“…More detailed projections for three forest types under this and other paleoclimatic models are provided by Cannon et al (2009) In Southeast Asia temperature variation is less significant in determining the growing season and the natural vegetation than rainfall and its seasonality. The region's characteristic seasonal (monsoonal) climate developed after the rise of the Tibetan plateau (*30 Ma) and the closure of the seaway between the Australian and Asian plates (*15 Ma) and intensified *10 Ma (Morley 2007;Berger 2009). The frequent interruption of this seasonality by ENSOs became significant 3-5 Mya.…”

Section: The Biogeographic Theatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several workers have argued that during cooler glacial conditions rainforest retreated to the hills of peninsula Malaysia, western Sumatra, the Mentawi Islands, and the center of Borneo, and that during hypothermal periods the rainforest was replaced by savanna woodland or grassland on the emerged Sunda plains and elsewhere (Heaney 1991;Morley 2000Morley , 2007. The extent to which a continuous or broken savanna corridor covered parts of the Sunda Shelf from Indochina to Borneo is controversial as the evidence is mixed and often sitespecific (Kershaw et al 2001(Kershaw et al , 2007Meijaard 2003;Bird et al 2005;Meijaard and Groves 2006;Wang et al 2009).…”

Section: Patterns Of Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity

2010

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Understanding the historical biogeography of this global biodiversity hotspot is as important to long-term conservation goals as ecology and evolution are to understanding current patterns and processes. Today's geography is, however, misleading and typical of only *2% of the last million years; [90% of that time the region's land area was 1.5-2.0 times larger as mean sea levels were 62 m below today's, climates were cooler, and extensive forests and savanna covered the emerged Sunda plains. The region's land area varied two-fold as sea levels fluctuated up to ±50 m with each of *50 Pleistocene glacial cycles, and forests expanded and contracted with oscillations in land area and seasonality. This dynamic geographic history is relevant to the development of biogeographic regionalism and shows that it is today's forests that are refugial, not those of the Last Glacial Maximum. This history affects how species will adapt or shift their ranges in response to global warming and further decreases in land area (submergence of low-lying coastal areas) during the 21st century. The alternative is mass species extinction. The biota is also threatened by the continued destruction of forest, destruction of Mekong River flood-pulse based ecosystems, and continued human population growth. Human biogeography will become more important in conservation planning as tens of millions of people who depend on protected area forests, riverine ecosystems, and coastal habitats become environmental refugees. Conservation scientists need to become more involved in regional ecological education, environmental stewardship, and ecosystem-based adaptation to sustain as much as possible of this rich biota and the ecological services it provides.

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“…Thus, it is unclear why tarsiers were independently released from the selective advantages of trichromatic vision during the past 5 Myr. Although the possibility of allelic fixation owing to stochastic processes such as genetic bottlenecks cannot be ruled out, the parallel loss of polymorphic trichromatic vision in at least three species could be associated with diminished rainfall across insular southeast Asia during the Pleistocene [41]. Reduced rainfall is expected to favour a greater commitment to nocturnality among tarsiers and a reversion to audition as the primary sensory modality.…”

Section: (A) Implications For Anthropoid Originsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

et al. 2013

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Tarsiers are small nocturnal primates with a long history of fuelling debate on the origin and evolution of anthropoid primates. Recently, the discovery of M and L opsin genes in two sister species, Tarsius bancanus (Bornean tarsier) and Tarsius syrichta (Philippine tarsier), respectively, was interpreted as evidence of an ancestral long-to-middle (L/M) opsin polymorphism, which, in turn, suggested a diurnal or cathemeral (arrhythmic) activity pattern. This view is compatible with the hypothesis that stem tarsiers were diurnal; however, a reversion to nocturnality during the Middle Eocene, as evidenced by hyperenlarged orbits, predates the divergence of T. bancanus and T. syrichta in the Late Miocene. Taken together, these findings suggest that some nocturnal tarsiers possessed high-acuity trichromatic vision, a concept that challenges prevailing views on the adaptive origins of the anthropoid visual system. It is, therefore, important to explore the plausibility and antiquity of trichromatic vision in the genus Tarsius. Here, we show that Sulawesi tarsiers (Tarsius tarsier), a phylogenetic out-group of Philippine and Bornean tarsiers, have an L opsin gene that is more similar to the L opsin gene of T. syrichta than to the M opsin gene of T. bancanus in non-synonymous nucleotide sequence. This result suggests that an L/M opsin polymorphism is the ancestral character state of crown tarsiers and raises the possibility that many hallmarks of the anthropoid visual system evolved under dim (mesopic) light conditions. This interpretation challenges the persistent nocturnal-diurnal dichotomy that has long informed debate on the origin of anthropoid primates.

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Cretaceous and Tertiary climate change and the past distribution of megathermal rainforests

Cited by 97 publications

References 84 publications

Boundary conditions for the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT v1.0)

Boundary conditions for the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT v1.0)

Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity

Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

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