Creoloid phenomena in the Spanish of transitional bilinguals

Revisiting the Null Subject Parameter: New Insights from Afro-Peruvian Spanish

“…First, Benincà's and the other abovementioned studies were primarily based on Old French and Old Italian data, and as far as we know, evidence has yet to be provided to show that the Medieval Spanish pronominal system resembled what we observe today in CS. Second, the patterns of pronominal use detected for CS also appear to be in line with the phenomena encountered in a number of Spanish contact dialects and second language varieties (Lipski 1993;Montrul 2004), thus indicating that L2 acquisition/contact processes may be the real reason behind what we see in CS and many other Afro-Hispanic/creoloid vernaculars.…”

Second language acquisition and first language loss in adult early bilinguals: exploring some differences and similarities

“…Indeed, a well-documented fact about this particular population is that the range of proficiency in the heritage language varies considerably: while some have limited productive ability and produce errors similar to those of adult L2 learners and child L1 learners; others are as proficient as native speakers in familiar and academic settings, in production and comprehension, as well as in written and spoken language (Lipski, 1993;Valdés, 2000).…”

The acquisition of Spanish by third generation children

“…In societal bilingualism, the functionally restricted language evidences, among other phenomena, the simplification of some grammatical domains (e.g., Lipski 1993, Silva-Corvalán 1994Zentella 1997). In this context, a recurring question is whether this stage of grammatical simplification is due to incomplete acquisition in the early years of a bilingual's life, or a result of processes of attrition or loss (Cuza 2010, Montrul 2005.…”