Creep vs. Stretch: A Review of the Viscoelastic Properties of Skin

Wilhelmi, Brad J.; Blackwell, Steven J.; Mancoll, John; Phillips, Linda G.

doi:10.1097/00000637-199808000-00019

Cited by 144 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…5 As well as being a routine phenomenon in abdominal and breast skin after pregnancy and breast-feeding, skin retraction is the mechanism by which skin redundancy is lost after liposuction. 6 The other mechanisms of skin contracture is less well-studied and understood but has been reported in the field of hand surgery, where surgeons frequently battle with the consequences of loss of mobility on the availability of skin, as evidenced by the loss of wrinkles on the dorsum of the fingers after a period of immobilisation or fusion of an interphalangeal joint (Figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and severity of upper eyelid skin contracture in facial nerve palsy

Ziahosseini

Venables

Neville

et al. 2016

Eye

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Purpose To describe the occurrence and severity of upper eyelid skin contracture in facial nerve palsy (FNP). Methods We enroled consecutive patients with unilateral FNP into this study. Patients with previous upper eyelid surgery for either side were excluded. We developed a standardised technique to measure the distance between the upper eyelid margin and the lower border of brow (LMBD). FNP was graded using the Sunnybrook grading scale. Its aetiology, duration, and treatment were noted. Upper and lower marginal reflex distance and lagophthalmos were also noted. Results Sixty-six patients (mean age 51 years) were included. FNP was owing to a variety of aetiologies. LMBD on the paralytic side was shorter than the normal contralateral side in 47 (71%), equal in 15 (23%), and larger in four (6%) patients. The mean contracture was 3.4 mm (median: 3, range: 1-12) with 11 (17%) patients showing 5 mm or more of skin contracture. The mean LMBD on the paralytic side in all patients was significantly smaller than the contralateral side; 30 ± 3.7 (median: 30; 95% CI 29-31) compared with 32 ± 3.7 (median: 32; 95% CI 32-33), respectively, Po0.0001, two-tailed paired t-test. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study that quantitatively demonstrates contraction of the upper eyelid skin in FNP. This finding is valuable in directing optimal early management to minimise skin contracture and to caution surgeons against unnecessary upper eyelid skin excision.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and severity of upper eyelid skin contracture in facial nerve palsy

Ziahosseini

Venables

Neville

et al. 2016

Eye

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“…We suggest that tractional forces exerted by fibroblasts attempting to migrate at the wound edge could cause inward movement of the connective tissue matrix, depending on potential mobilization of the surrounding tissue (cf. Peacock, 1984), a cell-dependent version of what surgeons call "mechanical creep" (Johnson et al, 1993;Wilhelmi et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collagen Fibril Flow and Tissue Translocation Coupled to Fibroblast Migration in 3D Collagen Matrices

Miron-Mendoza

Seemann

Grinnell

2008

MBoC

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In nested collagen matrices, human fibroblasts migrate from cell-containing dermal equivalents into surrounding cell-free outer matrices. Time-lapse microscopy showed that in addition to cell migration, collagen fibril flow occurred in the outer matrix toward the interface with the dermal equivalent. Features of this flow suggested that it depends on the same cell motile machinery that normally results in cell migration. Collagen fibril flow was capable of producing large-scale tissue translocation as shown by closure of a ϳ1-mm gap between paired dermal equivalents in floating, nested collagen matrices. Our findings demonstrate that when fibroblasts interact with collagen matrices, tractional force exerted by the cells can couple to matrix translocation as well as to cell migration. INTRODUCTIONCell migration depends on the multistep process of cell extension, adhesion, exertion of backward tractional force, and tail retraction (Lauffenburger and Horwitz, 1996;Mitchison and Cramer, 1996;Galbraith and Sheetz, 1997;Beningo et al., 2001;Ridley et al., 2003). The extensive body of research underlying the multistep model is based on studies with tissue cells on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated planar surfaces including rigid materials such as glass or plastic coverslips as well as flexible materials such as polyacrylamide. On ECM-coated planar surfaces, cells can modulate their cytoskeletal function and adhesion strength in response to surface mechanics (Balaban et al., 2001;Discher et al., 2005;Ingber, 2006;Vogel and Sheetz, 2006). However, adsorbed or covalently attached ECM molecules tend to be held in register with each other with little capacity to undergo cell-mediated mechanical and molecular reorganization.Type 1 collagen is the major protein component of fibrous connective tissues. These connective tissues provide mechanical support and frameworks throughout the body, and fibroblasts are the cell type primarily responsible for their biosynthesis and remodeling. Three-dimensional (3D) matrices prepared with type I collagen exhibit mechanical properties that resemble connective tissue (Barocas et al., 1995;Wakatsuki et al., 2000;Roeder et al., 2002;Silver et al., 2002;Ahlfors and Billiar, 2007). Unlike ECM-coated material surfaces, fibroblasts can mechanically remodel collagen matrices both locally and globally (Brown et al., 1998;Tomasek et al., 2002;Grinnell, 2003;Petroll, 2004; Tranquillo, 1999Such mechanical remodeling of connective tissue ECM is believed to be important for tissue homeostasis (Silver et al., 2002;Wiig et al., 2003;Goldsmith et al., 2004;Langevin et al., 2004), aging (Varani et al., 2004), repair (Tonnesen et al., 2000Tomasek et al., 2002;Grinnell, 2003), fibrosis (Eckes et al., 2000;Desmouliere et al., 2005), and tumorigenesis (Beacham and Cukierman, 2005;Gaggioli et al., 2007;Yamada and Cukierman, 2007).Cells interacting with 3D collagen matrices exhibit distinct patterns of cell signaling (Cukierman et al., 2002;Wozniak et al., 2003;Beningo et al., 2004;Rhee et al., 2007) and increa...

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“…Most tissues are viscoelastic and deform slowly over time with applied mechanical forces [9] . However, in addition to flow of stretched tissue, these same applied forces also result in an increase in the mitotic rate of the stretched cells [10] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Clinical Study of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) in Initial Wound Healing Following Surgical Debridement in Diabetic Wound Infections (DFI)

2017

IJSR

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Background: A complicated diabetic wound infection, in all its variation; is a common clinical entitywe face in our surgical practice which requires multidisciplinary tailored approach withadequate surgical debridement and antibiotic. This study was conducted in an attempt to assess the efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) following standard sequence of surgical debridement, antibiotics & simultaneous optimization of markers of wound healing in patients presenting with moderate and severe diabetic foot infections. Aim: To study the efficacy and safety of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) as an adjunct in the initial wound healing of diabetic foot infections subjected to surgical debridement after 8 weeks of topical therapy. Materials and methods: A total of 30 patients with moderate and severe diabetic foot infections were included in the study, which was conducted in the department of Surgery at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi.Results: In our study,all the patients with severe diabetic foot infections showed slow growth of granulation tissue in the first four weeks after surgical debridement alone with antibiotics, while having exponential growth in last 4 to 8 weeks due to NPWT along with serialdebridements. Conclusion: our study concluded that NPWT can be recommended as a useful adjunct to surgical debridement in acutely infected, deep and necrotizing foot infections in diabetics in view of its outcome measures; such as ease of wound management, cost effectiveness and clinical efficacy in wound healing and safety.

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Creep vs. Stretch: A Review of the Viscoelastic Properties of Skin

Cited by 144 publications

References 0 publications

Occurrence and severity of upper eyelid skin contracture in facial nerve palsy

Occurrence and severity of upper eyelid skin contracture in facial nerve palsy

Collagen Fibril Flow and Tissue Translocation Coupled to Fibroblast Migration in 3D Collagen Matrices

A Clinical Study of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) in Initial Wound Healing Following Surgical Debridement in Diabetic Wound Infections (DFI)

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