Alarmingly, the burgeoning empirical literature on the causes and effects of financing constraints finds considerable and robust evidence that financing constraints severely affect firm behavior, obstruct firm performance and greatly curb firm growth. 1 Theoretically, the presence of financing constraints is ascribed to capital market imperfections such as non-negligible information asymmetries between entrepreneurs and uninformed outside investors. For instance, in the model of credit rationing developed by Stiglitz and Weiss (1981), imperfect information induces banks to resort to rationing credits instead of increasing the interest rate to maximize profits. Since the interest rate banks charge for credits also affects the riskiness of their pool of loans through an adverse selection effect and a negative incentive effect, higher interest rates would both attract riskier projects and induce debtors to realize projects with a generally lower probability of success but higher returns when successful. Hence, the on average higher riskiness of potential borrowers lowers overall profits for the banks and induces profit-maximizing banks to restrict the number of credits they grant.Empirically, a quickly growing body of literature finds strong evidence of financing constraints, but also stresses that the prevalence and extent of such constraints strongly depend on specific firm characteristics. For instance, due to insufficient collateral and resources, smaller firms are more financially constrained Sandra M. Leitner
ABSTRACT
The paper aims to shed light on the effects of different types of financing constraints on firm sales and employment growth in Emerging