Creativity and Primary Process: Sample Variations

Pine, Fred

doi:10.1097/00005053-196206000-00002

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…For females, literary quality was correlated with DD but not with DE or AR. In Pine's (1962) study, the actors' creativity scores on the TAT were unrelated to all Rorschach scores, although, as previously mentioned, they produced more primary process content on the Rorschach than did the undergraduate students and also fewer well-controlled responses. Since the actors could so readilj' express primary process, minor variations in this expression were not significant predictors of variations in the quality of their TAT stories.…”

Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitysupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Although Pine and Holt (1960) found that for males DE and AR did correlate with two of these tests, there were no significant correlations for females. Other studies have also failed to reveal any significant relationship of various Guilford scales with the manifestation of primary process (Gray, 1968(Gray, , 1969Pine, 1962). In their discussion of such standard tests of creativity, Pine and Holt concluded: This conclusion is reminiscent of those theoretical ideas of Bush (1969) and Noy (1969) discussed earlier.…”

Section: Primary Process and Objective Tests Of Creativitymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The research defining creativ-ity by task performance has been particularly contradictory in this respect, perhaps because the range of creative talent assessed was limited. Those studies that denned creativity according to reputation have been more successful, particularly those of Pine (1962) and Hersch (1962). The other studies in this category would have confirmed this relationship between primary process expression and creativity, if not for the confounding due to response productivity.…”

Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In a study in which response productivity and the control of primary process were considered, Pine (1962) found that a group of unemployed actors produced more primary process on the Rorschach, with significantly less variance, than did a group of male and female undergraduates. Contrary to expectations, however, the actors gave a significantly smaller percentage of well-controlled responses.…”

Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Primary process thinking and creativity.

Suler¹

1980

Psychological Bulletin

167

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Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitysupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Primary Process and Objective Tests Of Creativitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Projective Test Studies Of Artistic Creativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Primary process thinking and creativity.

Suler¹

1980

Psychological Bulletin

167

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“…Over 30 studies have been completed since 1962 which utilize primary process indices. These indices have been explored in relation to such diverse variables as the following: memory style (4), rate of recovery of tuberculosis patients (10), subliminal perception (70), sensory deprivation effects (72,146), creativity (111), and schizophrenic symptomatology (148). Most of the findings suggest that the primary process concept is a versatile one and that it is measured with reasonable adequacy by Holt's system.…”

Section: Specialized Ink Blot Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projective Methodologies

Fisher¹

1967

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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The term "projective test" has become overloaded with connotations that automatically, with little regard for the facts, elicit positive or nega tive responses. This irrationality has already been amusingly documented by Levy & Orr's (76) observation that psychologists in clinical versus aca demic settings are inclined to obtain opposing results when evaluating Ror schach test hypotheses. In view of accumulating work on experimenter bias (62), it should come as no surprise that strong prejudices about projective tests have intruded in such a fashion into experimental results. One could argue convincingly that the term "projective test" should be abolished not only because of the passion it arouses but also because it has seriously cracked under the strain of trying to hold together an impossible conglomer ate of meanings. Even in the early days of projective test development there was, as Zubin, Eron & Schumer (150) and Murstein (94) have pointed out, confusion about what made a response "projective." There has been continuing uneasiness about how to include under one rubric measures which range from perceptual to motor, responses that vary from sponta neous to those elicited by direct questioning, interpretative frameworks which argue opposingly for the paramount importance of the form versus the content of the response, and orientations which see validity only in pat terned interpretation of responses as contrasted to views that the future of proj ective tests depends upon isolating simple unidimensional variables. The diversity is so great that it is not an exaggeration to say that some "projective tests" resemble the MMPI more than they do other "projective tests." For example, the procedure of compiling, without thought as to their logic, a list of "signs" which will distinguish the figure drawings of schizophrenic and normal subjects is much closer to the logic and design of the MMPI than it is to the Rorschach rationale for determining the experi ence balance.Looking back, one fi nds that a single projective test like the Rorschach has served such diverse uses as the following: (a ) an impressionistic clini cal instrument in which only the interpreter's uprightness and verbal fluency limit his deductions; (b) a source of carefully defi ned samples of imagery indicating how much an individual is caught up with one motive or affect state (e.g., anxiety, hostility); (c) a means for detecting the im pact of subliminal stimuli (130); (d) a context for observing every possible kind of response deviance; (e) a procedure for assaying harmony between married couples (80); (f) a measure of intelligence; (g) a means for determining the character of the body image boundary (45); (h) an index 1 The survey of the literature was concluded in March 1966. 165 104 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1967.18:165-190. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by McMaster University on 02/05/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 166 FISHER of commonality of fantasy among various cultures (...

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Thematic Apperception Test and Related Methods

Stein

1978

Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders

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Creativity and Primary Process: Sample Variations

Cited by 17 publications

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Primary process thinking and creativity.

Primary process thinking and creativity.

Projective Methodologies

Thematic Apperception Test and Related Methods

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