“…The countries/areas included in the analysis are Algeria, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Palestine, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Yemen 1 . This list is consistent with and largely similar to the sets of Muslim-majority states used in recent statistical analyses (Kuru 2014;Achilov and Shaykhutdinov 2018). Due to importance of the ancestors of the present-day Volga and Crimean Tatars in the formation of the Jadid movement I also include Tatars as a separate item into the sample, in addition to the countries listed above.…”